Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of seawater drowning cases in Sinop, a Turkish coastal city: a 13-year retrospective study

Background Drowning is a significant public health issue, particularly in coastal regions such as Sinop, Turkey, where seasonal variations contribute to a high incidence of cases. However, there is a lack of long-term, population-based studies from the Black Sea region, where distinct environmental factors may influence drowning patterns. This study provides a comprehensive 13-year analysis of seawater drowning cases, including detailed demographic, clinical, and outcome characteristics, to inform prevention strategies and improve emergency response. Methods A retrospective, observational study was conducted on all patients admitted to the regional referral Emergency Department (ED) due to seawater drowning between July 2011 and July 2024. Demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, and outcomes were retrieved from institutional and national health record systems. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. Results A total of 198 patients were included, of whom 69.2% were male, with a mean age of 29.6 years. The majority of cases (over 82%) occurred in July and August, and 51% involved tourists. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed in 17.7% of patients. Trauma was documented in 7.1% of patients; among these, the most commonly affected regions were the extremities (50.0%) and the head (35.7%). Laboratory analysis showed elevated lactate levels and reduced pH. On admission, most patients had preserved neurological status, while 19.2% presented with severe impairment (GCS <= 8). According to the Szpilman score, 37.9% had mild and 17.7% severe symptoms. The overall mortality was 19.7%, and 22.2% of patients required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Notably, 35.9% of all fatal cases (n = 14) involved individuals who drowned while attempting to rescue others. Conclusions Drowning imposes a substantial burden in coastal regions, disproportionately affecting young males during the summer. Our findings highlight the need for enhanced emergency preparedness and structured clinical response, as well as public education on water safety and safe rescue practices. These findings contribute valuable insight for developing regional and international strategies to mitigate drowning outcomes.