Novel Adenine-Hydrazone Hybrids Against Human Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549): Design, Synthesis, Cellular Mechanistic Investigation and Molecular Docking Studies

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dc.contributor.authorMentese, Emre
dc.contributor.authorCaliskan, Nedime
dc.contributor.authorAksu, Didem
dc.contributor.authorEmirik, Mustafa
dc.contributor.authorGuner, Adem
dc.contributor.authorYilmaz, Fatih
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-25T14:20:29Z
dc.date.available2026-04-25T14:20:29Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentSinop Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractBackground/Objectives: Adenine derivatives are promising anticancer scaffolds, but their cellular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to synthesize adenine-hydrazone hybrids and evaluate their cytotoxic effects in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Methods: A series of adenine-hydrazone compounds (3a-r) was synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity in A549 and MRC-5 cells. Selected compounds were further analyzed for LDH release, oxidative stress markers, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell-cycle distribution, apoptosis, and in silico docking against VEGFR2, ALK5, and EGFR. Results: Compounds with electron-withdrawing or donor-acceptor substituents showed the highest cytotoxicity, while halogenated and methoxy analogs were moderately active. Among the synthesized derivatives, 4F-substituted derivatives (3c) showed more activity than 2F- and 3F-substituted ones (3a and 3b). 4F- and 3Br-substituted derivatives (3f) showed more activity than only 4F-substituted ones (3c). 4-Nitro-substituted derivative (3i) showed more activity than 4F- (3c), 4Cl- (3d) and 4OMe- (3h) derivatives. Trimethoxy-substituted derivative (3l) showed more activity than di- and mono-substituted methoxy derivatives (3g, 3h, 3j and 3k). Among the salicyl aldehydederivatives (3m-r), 4-N(et)2-substituted derivative (3r) showed more activity than non-substituted (3m), 5Br-(3n), 5Cl-(3o), 5Me (3p) and 3OCH3 (3q) derivatives. Treatment induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization, Sub-G1 cell-cycle accumulation, and apoptosis. Docking studies indicated strong binding to VEGFR2 and ALK5, suggesting dual inhibition as a potential mechanism. Conclusions: Adenine-hydrazone derivatives exert substituent-dependent anticancer effects by inducing redox imbalance-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and regulated cell death. These results highlight their potential as lead structures for lung cancer therapy.
dc.description.sponsorshipRecep Tayyip Erdogan University Development Foundation [02026002004096]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study has been supported by the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Development Foundation (Grant number: 02026002004096).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ph19030474
dc.identifier.issn1424-8247
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.pmid41901320
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105034312380
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ph19030474
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11486/8606
dc.identifier.volume19
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001725389300001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofPharmaceuticals
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260420
dc.subjectadenine
dc.subjectlung cancer
dc.subjecthydrazone
dc.subjectmolecular hybridization
dc.subjectcell cycle
dc.subjectLDH assay
dc.subjectmolecular docking
dc.titleNovel Adenine-Hydrazone Hybrids Against Human Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549): Design, Synthesis, Cellular Mechanistic Investigation and Molecular Docking Studies
dc.typeArticle

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