Chlorination of Antivirals in Wastewater: Effects of Microplastics and Ecotoxicity on Aquatic and Terrestrial Species

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dc.contributor.authorBilgin-Saritas, Nilay
dc.contributor.authorTopuz, Emel
dc.contributor.authorPehlivanoglu, Elif
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-25T14:20:30Z
dc.date.available2026-04-25T14:20:30Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentSinop Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater raises concerns about the toxicological risks associated with its discharge and reuse. During the COVID-19 pandemic, widespread use of antivirals (ATVs), along with plastic gloves and masks, further contributed to pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Chlorination, commonly used for wastewater disinfection, may alter the toxicity of antivirals in the presence of microplastics (MPs) and complex organics in secondarily treated wastewater. To investigate this, synthetic secondary effluent containing Favipiravir (FAV) and Oseltamivir (OSE) was exposed to various chlorination conditions, both with and without MPs. The changes in the concentrations of FAV and OSE were measured using LC-MS/MS with isotopically labeled standards. Chlorination was more effective in removing Favipiravir (42 +/- 4%) than Oseltamivir (26 +/- 3%). The ecotoxicological effects were assessed on two species-Aliivibrio fischeri (a bacterium) and Enchytraeus crypticus (a soil invertebrate)-to evaluate potential impacts on aquatic and soil environments, though discharge of or irrigation with treated wastewater, respectively. Results indicated that chlorination of wastewater itself increased toxicity more significantly than the chlorination of antivirals to either species, suggesting that chlorination may not be as beneficial despite its cost-effectiveness. The effects of MPs in chlorinated wastewater on toxicity highlighted the importance of sample matrices in environmental toxicity studies.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, 1001 Project #121Y383). Nilay Bilgin-Saritas was supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, 2250 Performance Program for Graduate Scholarships).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/pr13030866
dc.identifier.issn2227-9717
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9400-5344
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1335-365X
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105001162514
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030866
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11486/8610
dc.identifier.volume13
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001452161200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofProcesses
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260420
dc.subjectantiviral
dc.subjectchlorination
dc.subjectCOVID-19
dc.subjectdisinfection
dc.subjectecotoxicity
dc.subjectfavipiravir
dc.subjectoseltamivir
dc.subjectwastewater
dc.titleChlorination of Antivirals in Wastewater: Effects of Microplastics and Ecotoxicity on Aquatic and Terrestrial Species
dc.typeArticle

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