Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC

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dc.contributor.authorHayrapetyan, A.
dc.contributor.authorTumasyan, A.
dc.contributor.authorAdam, W.
dc.contributor.authorAndrejkovic, J. W.
dc.contributor.authorBergauer, T.
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, S.
dc.contributor.authorDamanakis, K.
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-25T14:20:00Z
dc.date.available2026-04-25T14:20:00Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentSinop Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractWe review key measurements performed by CMS in the context of its heavy ion physics program, using event samples collected in 2010-2018 with several collision systems and energies. These studies provide detailed macroscopic and microscopic probes of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created at the LHC energies, a medium characterized by the highest temperature and smallest baryon-chemical potential ever reached in the laboratory. Numerous observables related to high-density quantum chromodynamics (QCD) were studied, leading to some of the most impactful and qualitatively novel results in the 40-year history of the field. Using a dedicated high-multiplicity trigger in the first pp run, CMS discovered that small collision systems can exhibit signs of collectivity, a generic phenomenon with significant implications and presently understood to affect essentially all soft physics processes. This observation opened new paths to understand how fluidity and plasma properties emerge in QCD matter as a function of system size. Measurements of jet quenching have reached a completely new level of detail by directly assessing, for the first time, the medium modification of parton showers, as opposed to simply observing leading hadrons or di-hadrons. The first fully reconstructed beauty hadron and heavy-flavor jet nuclear modifications were also measured. The large size of the event samples, the precision of the measurements, and the extension of the probed kinematical phase space, allowed many other hard probes of the QGP medium to be explored in detail, leading to multiple groundbreaking findings. In particular, the seminal measurements of bottomonium suppression patterns answer fundamental questions that have been actively pursued, both theoretically and experimentally, by the community since the mid-1980s. We conclude by outlining the opportunities offered by the continuation of this physics program at the LHC. (c) 2024 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
dc.description.sponsorshipArmenian Science Committee [22rl-037]; Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research; Austrian Science Fund; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; (FAPESP); Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; Bulgarian National Science Fund; CERN, Switzerland; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China; Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnologia e Innovacion; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport; Croatian Science Foundation; Research and Innovation Foundation, Cyprus; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador; Estonian Research Council, Estonia [PRG780, PRG803, TK202]; Helsinki Institute of Physics, Finland; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules CNRS; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR-22-985]; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany [400140256 -GRK2497]; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation [2288]; National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH), Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; Research Council of Lithuania; Ministry of Education; University of Malaya (Malaysia); Ministry of Science of Montenegro; CONACYT; (UASLP-FAI); Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; National Science Center, Poland; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [CERN/FIS-PAR/0025/2019, CERN/FIS-INS/0032/2019]; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; ERDF ''a way of making Europe [MDM2017-0765, PID2020-113705RB, PID2020-113304RB, PID2020-116262RB, PID2020-113341RB-I00]; Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Sri Lanka; SNF; UniZH, Canton Zurich; (SER); Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey; Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; US Department of Energy; US National Science Foundation; Marie-Curie program; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207]; COST Action [CA16108]; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Belgium; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); FWO (Belgium) under the ''Excellence of Science -EOS [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences [K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, TKP2021-NKTA-64]; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; ICSC -National Research Center for HighPerformance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR -Future Artificial Intelligence Research; Latvian Council of Science, Latvia; Ministry of Education and Science [2022/WK/14]; National Science Center [Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369, 2021/43/B/ST2/01552]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal [FCT CEECIND/01334/2018]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund, Qatar [PID2020-113705RB, PID2020-113304RB, PID2020-116262RB, PID2020-113341RB-I00, MDM-2017-0765]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B37G660013]; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA)
dc.description.sponsorshipWe congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: the Armenian Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037; the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, and the Bulgarian National Science Fund; CERN, Switzerland; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China; the Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnologia e Innovacion (MINCIENCIAS), Colombia; the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research and Innovation Foundation, Cyprus; the Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador; the Estonian Research Council, Estonia via PRG780, PRG803, RVTT3 and the Ministry of Education and Research TK202; the Academy of Finland, Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Finland; the Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules CNRS, and Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA, France; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Georgia; the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany, under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2121 ''Quantum Universe'' -390833306, and under project number 400140256 -GRK2497, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Innovation and the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288, Greece; the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH), Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Latvia; the Research Council of Lithuania, agreement No. VS-19 (LMTLT); the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Ministry of Science of Montenegro; the Mexican Funding Agencies (BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Education and Science and the National Science Center, Poland; the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grants CERN/FIS-PAR/0025/2019 and CERN/FIS-INS/0032/2019, Portugal; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033, ERDF ''a way of making Europe'', Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion CientificayTecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM2017-0765, projects PID2020-113705RB, PID2020-113304RB, PID2020-116262RB and PID2020-113341RB-I00, and Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion de Asturias, Spain; the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Sri Lanka; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union) the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Belgium; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the ''Excellence of Science -EOS'' -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program -UNKP, the NKFIH research grants K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; ICSC -National Research Center for HighPerformance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR -Future Artificial Intelligence Research, fundedby the EU NexGeneration program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science, Latvia; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, grant FCT CEECIND/01334/2018; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund, Qatar; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and projects PID2020-113705RB, PID2020-113304RB, PID2020-116262RB and PID2020-113341RB-I00, and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B37G660013 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.007
dc.identifier.endpage367
dc.identifier.issn0370-1573
dc.identifier.issn1873-6270
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9524-3264
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-4386-0564
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1028-3468
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-7125-2905
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8058-9828
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-5230-8387
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-4540-9048
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage219
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.007
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11486/8319
dc.identifier.volume1115
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001492299800001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofPhysics Reports-Review Section of Physics Letters
dc.relation.publicationcategoryDiğer
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260420
dc.subjectCMS
dc.subjectHeavy ion physics
dc.subjectQGP
dc.subjectOverview
dc.titleOverview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC
dc.typeReview

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