ESKI YAKIN DOGU’DA ADALET ANLAYISI VE KANUN KOYUCULAR
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Tarih
2021
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Okay PEKSEN
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Tarihin erken dönemlerinden itibaren, insan topluluklarinin en çok ihtiyaç hissettikleri kurumlarin basinda adalet kurumu gelmektedir. Henüz devlet asamasina ulasamamis olan toplumlarda adalet dagitimi, o toplumun önder kisilerinden olusan kurullar araciligi ile yerine getirilmistir. Anlasildigi kadariyla, henüz yazinin icat edilmedigi erken dönemlerde adalet dagitimi genellikle yazili olmayan gelenek hukuku kurallarina dayali olarak gerçeklestirilirken, yazinin kesfinden yaklasik 8 asir sonra, yazili olmayan gelenek hukuku yazili hale getirilmistir. Bu kanunlar, kil tabletler ya da steller üzerine yazdirilmistir. Eski Yakin Dogu’da kanun koyucularin önemli bir kisminin krallar oldugu görülmektedir. Krallar, yazdirmis olduklari vesikalarda, yönetme yetkisini de kanun çikarma ve uygulama yetkisini de tanrilardan aldiklarini, sik sik dile getirmislerdir. Örnegin Eski Yakin Dogu’nun önemli medeniyet merkezlerinden biri olan Mezopotamya’daki kanun koyucularin ya da hukuk belgelerini kaleme aldiranlarin büyük çogunlugu, yönetme yetkisini de ellerinde bulunduran krallardir. Lagas krali Urukagina, III. Ur Sülalesi’nin kurucusu Ur-Nammu, Isin krali Lipit-Istar, Eski Babil Devleti’nin ünlü krali Hammurabi, bu krallar arasinda ilk aklimiza gelenlerdir.Mezopotamya toplumlari arasinda baslayan hak ve adalet arama istegi, ilerleyen zaman dilimi içerisinde Eski Yakin Dogu’nun diger merkezlerinde de kendisini göstermeye baslamistir. Eski Ahit’te Yahudi toplumunun adalet anlayisi bütün ayrintilari ile gözler önüne serilirken, MÖ 2. Binyil Anadolu’sunun basat gücü olarak kabul edilen Hititler’de de ileri bir adalet anlayisinin mevcut oldugu, kanun maddelerinden anlasilmaktadir.Biz bu çalismamizda, Eski Yakin Dogu’da hak ve adalet anlayisinin nasil ortaya çiktigini, yazili olmayan kurallarin niçin yazili hale getirildigini ve bunlarin ne dereceye kadar uygulandigini, yazili kaynaklara dayanarak, gözler önüne sermeye çalisacagiz.
The institution of justice is one of the institutions that human communities need most from the early years of history. In societies that have not yet reached the state stage, the distribution of justice has been carried out through boards consisting of the leading people of that society. As it turns out, the distribution of justice was carried out on the basis of non-written customs rules in the early periods when the writing was not invented yet, while the unwritten legal rules were written about 8 centuries after the discovery of the writing. These laws are written on clay tablet sor steles. It is seen that a significant part of the Legislators in the Ancient Near East are kings. Kings often stated that they obtained the authority to govern and make laws and enforce these laws from the gods in the documents they have printed. For example in Mesopotamia which is one of the important civilization centers of Ancient Near East, the vast majority of legislators or the writers of the legal documents are the kings who also have authority to govern. Urukagina, the king of Lagash; Ur-Nammu, the founder of the Third Ur Dynasty; Lipit-Ishtar, the king of Isin; Hammurabi, the famous king of the Old Babylonian are the firsts to come to our minds.The desire to seek rights and justice, which began among Mesopotamian societies, began to Show itself in other centers of the Ancient Near East over time. While the understanding of justice of the Jewish community in the Old Testament is revealed in all its details, it is understood by the articles of law that there is an advanced understanding of justice in the Hittites, who were accepted as the dominant power of Anatolia in the Second Millenium BC.In this study, we will try to reveal how the understanding of rights and justice emerged in the Ancient Near East, why the unwritten rules were written and to what extend they applied them, based on written sources.
The institution of justice is one of the institutions that human communities need most from the early years of history. In societies that have not yet reached the state stage, the distribution of justice has been carried out through boards consisting of the leading people of that society. As it turns out, the distribution of justice was carried out on the basis of non-written customs rules in the early periods when the writing was not invented yet, while the unwritten legal rules were written about 8 centuries after the discovery of the writing. These laws are written on clay tablet sor steles. It is seen that a significant part of the Legislators in the Ancient Near East are kings. Kings often stated that they obtained the authority to govern and make laws and enforce these laws from the gods in the documents they have printed. For example in Mesopotamia which is one of the important civilization centers of Ancient Near East, the vast majority of legislators or the writers of the legal documents are the kings who also have authority to govern. Urukagina, the king of Lagash; Ur-Nammu, the founder of the Third Ur Dynasty; Lipit-Ishtar, the king of Isin; Hammurabi, the famous king of the Old Babylonian are the firsts to come to our minds.The desire to seek rights and justice, which began among Mesopotamian societies, began to Show itself in other centers of the Ancient Near East over time. While the understanding of justice of the Jewish community in the Old Testament is revealed in all its details, it is understood by the articles of law that there is an advanced understanding of justice in the Hittites, who were accepted as the dominant power of Anatolia in the Second Millenium BC.In this study, we will try to reveal how the understanding of rights and justice emerged in the Ancient Near East, why the unwritten rules were written and to what extend they applied them, based on written sources.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Adalet anlayisi, kanunlar, kanun koyucular, Mezopotamya, Anadolu
Kaynak
OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
3
Sayı
1
