Effect of Mirror Therapy on Arteriovenous Fistula Cannulation-Related Pain and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial

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dc.contributor.authorOzen, Nurten
dc.contributor.authorÜnal, Aysun
dc.contributor.authorÇomez İkican, Tuba
dc.contributor.authorOkudan, Esra
dc.contributor.authorÖzkaptan, Bilge Bal
dc.contributor.authorYeldan, İpek
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-25T14:13:21Z
dc.date.available2026-04-25T14:13:21Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentSinop Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractAim To investigate the effects of mirror therapy (MT) on reducing arteriovenous fistula cannulation-related pain and anxiety undergoing hemodialysis. Design A parallel-group, assessor-blind randomized controlled trial was performed according to CONSORT guidelines. Methods This study was conducted between October 2024 and January 2025 among 54 hemodialysis patients in a dialysis center. The participants were randomly divided into an experimental (MT) group ( n = 27) or a control group ( n = 27). Both groups received routine care, and the experimental group also received 2 weeks (6 sessions) of MT. In the experimental group, after the patient watched his or her arm in the mirror for 15 minutes, the cannulation procedure was performed. The control group was subjected to a routine procedure. The primary outcome was the cannulation-related pain score, and the secondary outcome was the anxiety score. Pain was measured a total of six times at each session, while the anxiety score was measured twice. Results Compared with those in the control group, the participants in the intervention group had significantly lower average pain scores during the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth sessions in the nonadaptive phase ( p < .001). The results of the ANCOVA revealed that when the STAI-I pretest score was statistically controlled, there was no significant difference between the mean STAI-I posttest scores of the intervention group and the control group according to the covariance analysis results ( p = .089). Conclusions MT was found to be effective in reducing fistula-related cannulation pain, but it did not reduce anxiety. Hemodialysis nurses need to provide and implement routines for pain control during arteriovenous fistula cannulation. Cannulation with MT is a nonpharmacological, easy-to-apply and cost-effective method. © 2026 American Society for Pain Management Nursing.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.pmn.2026.03.002
dc.identifier.issn1524-9042
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105034291445
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.03.002
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11486/8022
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherW.B. Saunders
dc.relation.ispartofPain Management Nursing
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_Scopus_20260420
dc.subjectAnxiety
dc.subjectArteriovenous fistula
dc.subjectCannulation-related pain
dc.subjectMirror therapy
dc.subjectNonpharmacological approaches
dc.subjectPatient-reported outcome measures
dc.titleEffect of Mirror Therapy on Arteriovenous Fistula Cannulation-Related Pain and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial
dc.typeArticle

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