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Öğe Damizlik Baliklarin Performans ve Yumurta Kaliteleri Üzerine Karotenoid Içeren Yemlerin Etkisi(Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 2008) Yesilayer, Nihat; Karsli, Zafer; Dogan, Gaye; Aral, OrhanDamizlik yem formülasyonu hazirlanmasi balik yetistiricilerinin ve yem fabrikalarinin en temel görevlerinden birisidir. Yetistiriciligi yapilan balik türleri için yem yapim teknolojisi, yem karisimina giren maddeler ve yem/yemleme arastirmalari çok önemlidir. Damizliklarin yumurta üretimini etkileyen yem içerigindeki maddelere özellikle yag asidi, vitamin, probiotik, antioksidant ve karotenoidler üzerine arastirmacilar agirlik vermektedir. Dogadaki alabaliklarin kas, deri ve yumurtalarindaki kirmizi-portakal rengi karotenoidlerden kaynaklanmaktadir. Karotenoidler genelde pazara sunulmadan önceki belli bir periyotta balik yemlerine belirli konsantrasyonlarda katilan yemlerle besleme yaparak baliklarin pigmentasyonu için kullanilmaktadir. Karotenoidlerin yumurta rengine göre yumurtanin kalitesini ve yumurta sayisini pozitif yönde etkiledigini ve karotenoid konsantrasyonu ile yumurtadan çikis yüzdesi arasinda pozitif korelasyon oldugunu belirten birçok hipotezin var oldugu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle derlemede, karotenoid içeren yemlerin damizliklarin yumurta üretimi ve kalitesi üzerine iliskisi incelenerek açikliga kavusturulmaya çalisilmistirÖğe Effect of Bentonite's Different Rates to Ammonium Removal in Aquatic Conditions(Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 2018) Sahin, Dilek; Sertasi, Eda; Öz, Meryem; Öz, Ünal; Karsli, Zafer; Aral, OrhanAmmonia has a high toxic effect for all living forms. When exposed to in low quantities, it can be tolareted by the living forms. Compared with clay minerals, bentonite has a high usability due to its high adsorption capacity and low cost. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of two different amount of bentonite on the ammonium adsorption in freshwater at 17±1°C. In this research two trial groups with 3 repetitions were created for two different bentonite rate. Experimental groups were prepared by adding 2 liter of water and NH4Cl to each bottle to give an NH4+ amount of 10 mg/l. After that, two amounts of bentonite (7 g/l, 14 g/l) were added to the bottles. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) values were determined during the trial period. At the end of trial NH3 values were calculated as 0.461±0.01 mg/l and 0.463±0.01 mg/l in different amount of bentonite groups (7 g/l, 14 g/l), respectively. There were difference in TAN values between the experimental groups (p<0.05). As a result in this study, it has been determined that the amount of 14 g/l bentonite is the ideal amount for ammonium removal in aquaculture.Öğe EFFECT OF FROZEN WHITE WORM (Enchytraeus sp.) ON GROWTH OF PLATY (Xiphophorus maculatus Günther, 1866)(Istanbul Üniversitesi, 2017) Sahin, Dilek; Öz, Meryem; Karsli, Zafer; Aral, Orhan; Bahtiyar, MehmetIn this study, for the first time, effects of live food on platy (Xiphophorusmaculatus Günther, 1866), wereinvestigated by using frozen white worm (Enchytraeus sp.). Aquarium fish used in this study were fry with an averageweight of 0.177-0.180 ±0.005 g in different groups. In the experiment, 135 fry Xiphophorusmaculatus were used. Fish weights were determined, and they laterwere put as 15 individual in aquariums in order to breed with three differentexperimental feed treatments (frozen white worm,frozen white worm combined with traditional aquarium fish feed and traditionalaquarium fish feed). Water temperature was determined as 23.7 ±0.05°C in during of experiment. The fish were fed withthree diet to satiation twice daily (09:00, 15:00) in during two months. In the end of the experiment average final weight was determined 0.257 ±0.01 g, 0.258 ±0.01 g and 0.211 ±0.01 g, fedon with frozen white worm, frozen white worm combined with aquarium fish feedand aquarium fish feed groups, respectively and therewere significant differences between T2 (frozen white worm+combined withaquarium traditional fish feed) and T3 (aquarium traditional fish feed) groupsof average final weight (p?0.05).Öğe Effects of dietbome copper on accumulation hi the tissues and organs, growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) Juvenile(2009) Gundogdu, Ayse; Harmantepe, F. Burcu; Dogan, Gaye; Karsli, Zafer; Asci, Mehtap YaganThe present experiment was conducted to study effects of elevated dietary Cu and establish upper limits of Cu in fish feed. Accumulation and growth of dietbome copper in the gill, muscle tissue, digestive system and whole body of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Four experimental isonitrogenic (460 g kg-1) and isolipidic (200 g kg-1) diets were formulated. Diets were prepared by adding 0 (control), 0.1, 0.4 or 1.6 g kg-1 CuSO4.5H2O feed, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 576 juvenile fish whose average weight 19.97±0.048 g. Fish were fed to satiation for experimental period. After 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, the fish were sampled and Cu accumulation in the gill, muscle tissue and the digestive system were determined. The data were presented in ug of sample Dry Weight (DW). At the end of the trial, with increasing dietary Cu concentration, Cu accumulation of gill, muscle tissue, liver and the digestive system were increased. However, accumulation of gill were not significant (p>0.05) in the fish fed with 0.4 (D 3) and 1.6 (D 4) g kg-1 CuSO4.5H2O diets. Accumulation of muscle tissue were not significant (p>0.05) in the fish fed with 0 (D 1) and 0.1 (D 2) g kg-1 CuSO4.5H2O diets. The accumulation of Cu in the digestive system increased with increasing dietary Cu concentration and at periyot were significant (p<0.05) in group fed with the highest Cu concentration diet. © Medwell Journals, 2009.Öğe Effects of Diets Containing of Brown Fish Meal and White Fish Meal on Growth of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (WALBAUM, 1792) Juveniles(Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 2008) Harmantepe, Fatma Burcu; Dogan, Gaye; Karsli, Zafer; Aral, Orhan; Kaya, DilaraIn this study, the effect of dietary inclusion of brown fish meal (anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus L.) and white fish meal (Cod, Gadus morhua L.) on growth performance, feed utilization, protein utilization, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen loading in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) was investigated. Two experimental isonitrogenic (460 g kg-1) and isolipidic (200 g kg-1) diets were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 120 juvenile fish with an initial body weight of 10 g. Fish were fed twice daily to satiation for 30 days. At the end of the trial the best spesific growth rate, feed conversion rate, protein efficiency ratio, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen loading of the group fed white fish meal were obtained and the differences between groups of these parameters were significant (p<0.05)Öğe Effects of supplementing the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet with Spirulina and Chlorella on the tissue's cadmium detoxification capacity, growth performance, fatty acid composition, antioxidant defense system and liver histology(Elsevier, 2025) Harmantepe, Fatma Burcu; Gundogdu, Ayse; Karsli, Zafer; Sagir, DilekThis study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of Spirulina and Chlorella of the diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on their growth, nutrient composition, the parameters of their antioxidant defense systems, liver histology, and the cadmium removal process of their tissues. Fish with an average weight of 84.25 +/- 3.55 g containing Cd in their tissues were distributed in 15 tanks with 18 fish per tank. The fish were fed diets consisting of 0% (Control-1), 0% (Control-2), 4% Chlorella, 4% Spirulina and Chlorella +2% Spirulina twice a day until they were satiated for a period of 80 days. At the conclusion of the experiment, it was determined that diets containing microalgae demonstrated increased growth rates, and that the growth values obtained from the 4% Spirulina and the Control-1 were similar (p > 0.05). Regarding the fatty acid content, with the addition of microalgae to the diet, a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in SFA values and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in PUFA values were observed compared to the groups Control-1 and Control-2. On days 40 and 80, Cd levels in the muscle and liver tissue of the fish were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the groups that were fed diets containing microalgae in comparison with the Control-2 group. On days 40 and 80, the SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, and GPx values of liver tissues were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the Control-2 group. As a result of the semiquantitative histopathological evaluation of the liver tissues, improvements were observed in all groups containing microalgae; however, the most remarkable improvement was achieved in the Spirulina group. The results obtained in the study revealed that the addition of microalgae to rainbow trout feed removed Cd from liver and muscle tissues, reinforced the antioxidant defense system parameters, and increased growth. However, when the groups containing microalgae were compared among themselves, the diets containing 4 % Spirulina and 2 % Chlorella +2 % Spirulina were found to be more effective on these parameters.Öğe Effects of synthetic androgen (17α-methyltestosterone) and estrogen (17β-estradiol) on growth and skin coloration in emperor red cichlid, Aulonocara nyassae (Actinopterygii: Cichliformes: Cichlidae)(Pensoft Publishers, 2021) Karsli, ZaferIn recent years, the use of anabolic steroids in the coloration and growth of fishes, especially ornamental ones, has attracted great interest. In the ornamental fish industry, it is economically advantageous to produce some species with high commercial value and higher demand, depending on size, color, and sex. Therefore, the most commonly used steroids in this study-i.e., 17 alpha-MT and 17 beta-Es (E-2)-were added to the diet of emperor red cichlid, Aulonocara nyassae Regan, 1922, which has not been previously hormone-treated and has high economic value amongst ornamental fishes. A 60-day study was conducted in a closed system, where the juveniles of the emperor red cichlid were acclimatized with the control/basal diet for 15 days. After which, 15 fish with a similar shade of color and about 5 months old were weighed individually (0.71 +/- 0.01 g). All fish were placed into aquaria (30 L) in five different groups, in triplicate. Five different groups consisted of control (without hormone), 50 mg.kg(-1) 17 alpha-MT, 100 mg.kg(-1) 17 alpha-MT, 50 mg.kg(-1) E-2, and 100 mg.kg(-1) E-2 . The fish were fed a diet twice a day (10:00 h, 17:00 h) for 60 days till satiation. During the entire trial period, a 12 h light-12 h dark photoperiod was maintained. Water temperature was measured daily and recorded. Growth parameters of experimental fish were calculated. The color measurement of fish skin (L*, a*, b* values) from around the dorsal section was performed using a colorimeter (Konica Minolta CR 400). Significant differences were determined in the following parameters: weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), survival rate (SR), condition factor (CF), and sex reversal. The fish group fed with 17 alpha-MT displayed brighter coloration as compared to other groups. Color analysis (instrumental) in terms of L*, a*, and b*, values showed that the group fed with 17 alpha-MT displayed brighter coloration compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In terms of sex reversal, the fish in the 17 alpha-MT groups exhibited 100% masculinization, whereas in E-2 supplemented fish groups (50 and 100 mg.kg(-1)), the feminization rates were 88.88% and 93.33%, respectively. In conclusion, both hormones were found to have positive and negative effects for this fish species, but the 17 alpha-MT hormone was found to be more effective in reversing skin pigmentation, growth, and sexing, which is the main driver in the ornamental fish trade.Öğe Elimination of copper in tissues and organs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) following dietary exposure(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011) Gundogdu, Ayse; Harmantepe, F. Burcu; Karsli, Zafer; Dogan, GayeCopper (Cu) elimination was investigated in the tissue and organs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792), after Cu-free diets exposure. In the current study, fish were fed to satiation on diets containing 0.022 (Group 1; Control), 0.043 (Group 2), 0.123 (Group 3), 0.424 (Group 4) g Cu*kg(-1) diet for 60 days before elimination experiment. A total of 288 fish (mean weight 84.28 +/- 1.05 g) were randomly transferred to 12 fibreglass tanks. The fish were fed the Cu-free diet twice daily, until apparent satiation, during 60 days. Subsequently, the experiment was established for a period of elimination, during which samples were taken at days 15, 30, 45 and 60. Cu concentration in the muscle, gill tissue, digestive system, liver and whole body of fish were determined after 60 days depuration. Cu concentrations in tissues of rainbow trout decreased during depuration period, and the order of Cu elimination in tissue and organs of rainbow trout was: digestive system (73.1 %), then gill (41.1 %), muscle (31.5 %) and liver (17.2 %) for group 2; digestive system (74.1%), then muscle (65.8%), gill (60.0%) and liver (34.6%) for group 3; and digestive system (85.8%), then muscle (80.8%), liver (50.5%) and less/equal in gill (50.2%) for group 4. In statistical analysis, both groups and time were significant factors (P<0.05) on elimination rate. Moreover, significant interaction between groups and time were identified on elimination rate. Digestive system showed the fastest elimination rates of Cu at all groups compared with other tissues.Öğe Evaluation of Natural Minerals (Zeolite and Bentonite) for Nitrogen Compounds Adsorption in Different Water Temperatures Suitable for Aquaculture(Scipress Ltd, 2018) Sahin, Dilek; Oz, Meryem; Sertasi, Eda; Oz, Unal; Karsli, Zafer; Aral, OrhanIn this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of zeolite and bentonite on the ammonium adsorption at different temperatures. In this research three trial groups with 3 repetitions were created for three different water temperatures (18 +/- 0.1 degrees C, 24 +/- 0.0 degrees C, 27 +/- 0.0 degrees C). Experimental groups were prepared by adding NH4+ amount of 10.5 mg/l in 2 liters of water. After that, zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite were added into the bottles as 10 gram per liter. Water temperature, pH and TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) values were determined during the trial period. At the end of trial TAN values at 27 degrees C were recorded as 10.103 +/- 0.11 mg/l, 9.227 +/- 0.13 mg/l and 7.933 +/- 0.17 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 24 degrees C were recorded as 10.027 +/- 0.17 mg/l, 9.282 +/- 0.15 mg/l and 8.336 +/- 0.15 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 18 degrees C were recorded as 9.012 +/- 0.28 mg/l, 7.702 +/- 0.14 mg/l and 6.594 +/- 0.14 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. Maximum ammonium removal capacity, q(e), was found to be 0.50 mg/g in the bentonite (18 degrees C). The TAN values determined at 18 degrees C were statistically more significant (p<0.05) than the TAN values obtained at 24 degrees C and 27 degrees C.Öğe KAROTENOİD İÇEREN YEMLERLE BESLENEN GÖKKUŞAĞI ALABALIKLARINDA (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RENK GERİ DÖNÜŞÜMÜNÜN ENSTRÜMENTAL (FİZİKSEL) VE RENK KARTI YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ(2008) Yeşilayer, Nihat; Erdem, Muammer; Aral, Orhan; Karsli, ZaferAlabalıkların etindeki pembe kırmızı renk, karotenoid grubu pigmentlerden sağlanmaktadır. Sentetik ve doğal karotenoid maddeler ilave edilerek 3 grup halinde (kırmızı biber ekstraktı, astaksantin ve kantaksantin) pigmentasyonu sağlandıktan sonra ortalama ağırlığı 300 g. ulaşan balıklar 60 gün süre ile karotenoidsiz ticari alabalık yemi ile beslenmiştir. Gökkuşağı alabalıklarından alınan filetoların renkleri enstrümental (CIE L* a* b*) ve renk kartı değerleri kullanılarak renk geri dönüşümü incelenmiş ve a* değeri ile renk kartı değerleri arasındaki ilişki belirlenmiştir. Filetoda renk kartı değerleri azalırken a* (kırmızılık), b* (sarılık) ve L* (parlaklık) değerlerinin de azaldığı bulunmuştur. Deneme başlangıç ve sonunda en yüksek a* ve renk kartı değeri kantaksantin grubunda sırasıyla 9.550, 6.493 ve 15.139, 12.569 bulunmuştur. Gruplar arasında deneme başı ve sonunda renk parametrelerinde bir azalma olmasına rağmen istatistiksel olarak L*, a*, b* değerlerinde bir fark bulunamamıştır (P 0.05). Renk kartı değerleri bakımından grupların deneme başı ve sonu arasında istatistiksel olarak farklar önemli bulunmuştur (P 0.05). Alabalık filetolarının a* ile renk kartı değerleri arasındaki ilişkinin, kırmızı biber ekstraktı grubunda kuvvetli olduğu tespit edilmiştir (r 0.97)Öğe Population Age, Sex Structure and Growth of Aphanius danfordii (Boulenger, 1890) to Sirakaraagaclar Stream, Turkey(Medwell Online, 2010) Karsli, Zafer; Aral, OrhanIn this research, population structure of the species Aphanius danfordii found in Sirakaraagaclar stream has been studied. During the research, sex, age, weight and length composition of 452 fishes has been examined and lenght-weight relationship and Von Bertalanffy growth function has been calculated. Female-male sex proportion has been calculated as 1.06:1.00, lenght-weight relationship and Von Bertalanffy growth function has been calculated as W = 0.0139 L(3.1641), L(t) = 5.149(1-e(-5.945(t-0.502))) and W(t) = 2.483(1-e(-5.945(t-0.502))).Öğe Population age, sex structure and growth of Aphanius danfordii (Boulenger, 1890) to Sirakaraaǧaçlar stream, Turkey(2010) Karsli, Zafer; Aral, OrhanIn this research, population structure of the species Aphanius danfordii found in Sirakaraagaclar stream has been studied. During the research, sex, age, weight and length composition of 452 fishes has been examined and lenght-weight relationship and Von Bertalanffy growth function has been calculated. Female-male sex proportion has been calculated as 1.06:1.00, lenght-weight relationship and Von Bertalanffy growth function has been calculated as W = 0.0139 L3.1641, Lt= 5.149 (1-e-5.945(t-0.502)) and Wt = 2.483 (1-e-5.945(t-0.502)). © Medwell Journals, 2010.Öğe The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of 17α -Methyltestosterone and 17β-Estradiol Hormones on Growth, Sex Conversion and Reproduction in Electric Yellow Cichlid (Labidochromis caeruleus)(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2022) Karsli, Zafer; Sahin, Dilek; oz, Meryem; oz, Unal; Aral, OrhanIn this study, effects of dietary supplementation of two different hormones on growth, sex conversion and reproduction of electric yellow cichlid, Labidochromis caeruleus were investigated. Moreover, possible negative (sterilization, mortality, reproduction performance etc.) and positive (growth, sex conversation etc.) impacts of hormone administration were also assessed. This study had two experiments. In the first experiment, six experimental feeds were prepared by adding two different hormones (17 alpha-Methyltestosterone (Mt), 17 beta-Estradiol (Es) at three different doses (20, 40, 60 mg kg-1) and control feed was without hormone. All six experiment groups receiving experimental diets and control were conducted in 3 replicates in 21 aquariums for 3 months in the first experiment. L. caeruleus were fed orally with these hormone-supplemented feeds and growth parameters, sex conversion and survival rate were examined. In the second experiment, fish from the first experiment were fed with commercial cichlid feed containing no hormones and numbers of fry produced was recorded. At the end of 90-day feeding period in the first experiment, the best growth was obtained in 60 mg kg-1 Mt treated group (1.97 +/- 0.17 g). Sex conversion to all male population (100% male) was observed in 17 alpha-Mt treated groups, while, conversion to 82.22, 86.67 and 86.67% females was observed in 17 beta-Es treated (20, 40 and 60 mg kg-1) groups, respectively. In the second experiment, after feeding the fish with a commercial feed for 3 months, fish fry was released from fish mouth and numbers of fry were counted. The present findings revealed that 17 alpha-Mt hormone was more effective in growth and sex conversion, while the survival rate and number of fry produced were negatively affected by the increased dose of both hormones.Öğe The Effects of Different Carotenoid Sources on Skin Pigmentation of Goldfish (Carassius auratus)(Israeli Journal Of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 2011) Yesilayer, Nihat; Aral, Orhan; Karsli, Zafer; Oz, Meryem; Karacuha, Ali; Yagci, FerayeThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different carotenoid sources on goldfish (Carassius auratus) skin pigmentation. The value of goldfish depends on the intensity of the skin color. In the red variety of goldfish, an orange-red hue is desirable. Juvenile goldfish were fed one of five diets for five months to determine the effects of carotenoids on skin pigmentation, growth, feed efficiency, and survival: (1) astaxanthin (carophyll pink at 75 mg/kg), (2) canthaxanthin (carophyll red at 75 mg/kg), (3) Gammarus spp. (75 mg/kg), (4) Oleoresin paprika (180 mg/kg), and (5) an unsupplemented control. Growth and feed efficiency did not significantly differ among groups. Initial and final samples of head skin were measured by colorimetric analysis for lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hue (H-ab(o)), and chroma (C-ab*). The best red color (a* and H-ab(o)) was obtained with the astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and paprika diets.Öğe The effects of different proportions of the 17-estradiol and 17-methyltestosterone on growth, sex reversal and skin colouration of the electric blue hap (Sciaenochromis ahli Trewavas, 1935)(Wiley, 2016) Karsli, Zafer; Aral, Orhan; Yesilayer, NihatThis study was performed to investigate the effects of 17-estradiol (ES) and 17-methyltestosterone (MT) on growth, development, survival, sex ratio and colour change in the electric blue hap (Sciaenochromis ahli Trewavas, 1935). The hormones were not supplemented to the control feed, while six other feeds were prepared by adding 20, 40 and 60mgkg(-1) 17-ES or 20, 40 and 60mgkg(-1) 17-MT to each, resulting in seven different feed treatments. Average live weight of the fish supplemented with these diets was 0.42 +/- 0.04g. At the end of the study, the highest weight gain was observed in fish fed 60mgkg(-1) 17-MT group (2.62 +/- 0.11g) and the difference with the groups fed with 17-ES was found to be significant. All fish fed 17-MT were male, while the rates of feminization in fish fed 17-ES at 20, 40, 60mgkg(-1) were 91.11%, 88.88% and 93.33% respectively. Survival rates were respectively determined as 80%, 95.56%, 84.44%, 93.33%, 77.78%, 84.44% and 84.44% for the control, 20, 40, 60mgkg(-1) 17-ES and 20, 40, 60mgkg(-1) 17-MT treatments. The best colouration was achieved in the 17-MT groups (P<0.05). The L* values varied between 32.98 +/- 4.44 and 61.35 +/- 2.19, a* values between -7.06 +/- 0.22 and -3.42 +/- 0.11, and b* values between -7.74 +/- 0.10 and 11.65 +/- 0.03, while Chroma (C*) and Hue (H degrees(ab)) angle values varied between 7.54 +/- 0.22 and 13.60 +/- 0.01 and between 119.76 +/- 0.05 and 239.73 +/- 4.86. In conclusion, the 17-MT feeding was found to have a greater effect on the growth, feed conversion ratio, masculunization and pigmentation of the electric blue haps than the 17-ES treatment.
