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    A new alien species record for the Flora of Türkiye: Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. (Convolvulaceae)
    (Abdullah KAYA, 2025) Elmas, Emire; Yasayacak, Hasan
    Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. is an invasive species with a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical regions and its natural habitat is South America. I. indica, which is a new record for the flora of Turkiye, was collected and photographed on 27 June 2022 from Alanya-Incekum. Additionally, the species was observed and photographed in Izmir-Foça, Manavgat-Çenger and Mugla-Bodrum in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Türkiye between 27 June 2022 and 02 July 2023. Alanya-Incekum, Izmir-Foça, Manavgat-Çenger and Mugla-Bodrum and taxonomically described. Although this species is morphologically similar to I. purpurea and I. tricolor, I. purpurea differs from I. indica in having smaller flowers (4-6 cm.), shorter sepals (1.1-1.6 cm.) with hirsute surfaces and predominantly unlobed leaves. Similarly, I. tricolor differs from I. indica by having smaller flowers (3.5-6 cm) and sepals that are glabrous, have scarious margins and shorter (6-7 mm). The spread of I. indica, which has the potential to exhibit invasive behavior, risks putting pressure on native plant species and the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to conduct additional studies to understand the impacts of alien species and determine management strategies.
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    Aksaz Sulak Alanı (Sinop)’nın floristik özellikleri
    (2022) Bani, Barış; Elmas, Emire
    Aksaz Sulak Alanı, Sinop şehir merkezinin yaklaşık 10 km batısında, Akliman olarak isimlendirilen mevkide yer almaktadır. 2015-2017 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma ile Aksaz sulak alanının florasının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla yapılan arazi çalışmaları sırasında toplam 1274 bitki örneği toplanmıştır. Alanda 71 familyaya ait 269 cins, tür ve türaltı düzeyde ise toplam 444 takson saptanmıştır. Bu taksonlardan 1 tanesi Pteridophyta, 2 tanesi Gymnospermae ve 441 tanesi de Angiospermae’e dahildir. Araştırma alanında yayılış gösteren 3 endemik bitki saptanmıştır ve endemizm oranı %0,68’dir.
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    Biodiversity in different successional stages of Mediterranean enclaves distributed along Sinop Peninsula (Turkey)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Elmas, Emire; Kutbay, Hamdi Guray
    The aim of this research was to evaluate plant diversity and the relationships between the distribution of Raunkiaer life forms and community structure, and species richness, at different successional stages in communities of Quercus ilex L., Erica arborea L. and Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach., distributed as enclaves in Sinop Province. Permanent sample plots were selected to determine plant diversity. The cover percentage of each plant species was recorded monthly during two vegetation periods. Raunkiaer life forms, and the Shannon-Wiener, Evenness, Simpson and Margalef indexes were determined. Twenty-three species in Quercus ilex, 96 species in Erica arborea, and 148 species in Sarcopoterium spinosum were identified. Hemicryptophyte dominancy was observed followed by phanerophytes in the Q. ilex community, and therophyte and hemicryptophyte dominancy in the E. arborea and S. spinosum communities, respectively. It was determined that the S. spinosum community was the most heterogeneous community while the Q. ilex community was more uniform than other communities. The variation in diversity indexes, homogeneity, and composition of life forms among communities adopting a similar climatic environment could result from a differentiation of environmental factors, which impact on community structuring, from biotic to abiotic at different successional stages of Mediterranean communities.
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    Changes in Abscisic Acid Contents of Some Aquatic Plants Exposed to Cadmium and Salinity
    (International Journal of Botany, 2008) Sıvacı, Aysel; Elmas, Emire; Gümüş, Fatih
    The content of absicisic acid in aquatic macrophytes (Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L.) grown in cadmium medium (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 mg L-1) and cadmium+salt (0, 0.05 and 5‰ NaCl) was investigated. In Potamogeton crispus, the content of abscisic acid was found higher than Myriophyllum heterophyllum before treatment of cadmium. It was observed that the content of abscisic acid increased with increased in cadmium concentration (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 mg L-1) and time period (24 and 96 h) in both of species. The content of abscisic acid increased by salinity like the treatment with Cd. When the effects in combination of cadmium and salinity were considered, it was found that the content of abscisic acid increased with increased in cadmium at 0.05‰ NaCl but decreased at 5‰ NaCl. In the both species, the highest content of abscisic acid was observed in 64 mg L-1 Cd +0.05‰ NaCl at 96 h.
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    Ecophysiological characteristics and CSR strategies of four dune species
    (Finnish Zoological Botanical Publishing Board, 2017) Elmas, Emire
    Plants that live in coastal dune ecosystems may develop several strategies to deal with environmental stress. The aim of this study was to compare contents of nonenzymatic antioxidants including chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and total phenolic compounds, and CSR (competitive, stress-tolerant, ruderal) strategy types of four dune species: Pancratium maritimum, Eryngium maritimum, Polygonum maritimum and Achillea maritima subsp. maritima. CSR strategies were determined using canopy height, leaf dry matter content, flowering period, flowering initiation, leaf dry weight, lateral spread, and specific leaf area (SLA). The lowest values for all measured parameters were found in Pancratium maritimum, while the highest contents of chlorophyll a, carotenoid, anthocyanin and total phenolic compounds were in Polygonum maritimum. The studied species had different ecological strategies to cope with stressful environmental conditions.
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    Effect of environmental factors on species diversity of the Yenice Hot Spot Forests in Turkey
    (Northeast Forestry Univ, 2018) Turkis, Sevda; Elmas, Emire
    We quantified the diversity of vascular plant species and described soil properties and topographical and climatic conditions of the Citdere and Kavakli Nature Reserves in the Yenice Forest of Turkey. We used the Shannon-Weiner and Simpson's indices of diversity, Margalef's index of species richness and Pielou's evenness index to quantify the structure of vascular plant assemblages. We measured soil parameters (NO3-, NH4+, available P, Mg++, K+, Na+, Ca++, organic matter, pH, soil moisture), elevation, slope gradient and aspect and their correlations with plant community parameters. In total, we recorded and identified 207 species and subspecies in the study area. Species cover, richness and diversity indices varied significantly by vegetation type (P < 0.01). Available NO3- and Ca++ in the soil were important factors for the area and species representation in the species-environment correlations estimated for the Kavakli area. Available NO3-, pH, organic matter, Ca++ and K+ in the soil were important factors for the area and species representation in the species-environment correlations analysed for the Citdere area.
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    Floristic Composition, Life Form and Chorotype of Safranbolu -Tokatli Canyon's
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2018) Turkis, Sevda; Elmas, Emire
    In this study, it was aimed to determine the floristic composition of Tokatli Canyon in North West Anatolia. Plant samples were collected for two seasons. The family, life form and the floristic regions of the plant specimens were identified. A total of 102 taxa found in total belonging % 10 (10) to Asteraceae, 7% (7) to Labiatae, 7% (7) to Poaceae, 6% (6) to Ranunculaceae, 6% (6) Rosaceae and 65% (66) to other families. According to the distribution of life form, the highest rate was 58% (59), belonging to hemicriptophyte form. Among the identified species, the largest proportion of species belonged to pluriregional or unknown floristical region with 50% (51), with 31% (32) of the Euro-Siberian, 11% (11) of the Mediterranean and 8% (8) of the Irano-Turanian territory. This study is the first floristic study of Tokatli Canyon showing importance of canyon in terms of plant diversity. In the study area, 8 endemic taxa were identified constituting 7.8% of total flora. Tokatli Canyon consists of 50 families, 94 genera and 102 taxa.
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    Hedera helix L. Türünün Sürünücü ve Tirmanici Kisimlarinda Bazi Pigment ve Antosiyanin Içeriklerinin Karsilastirilmasi
    (Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi, 2019) Elmas, Emire; Türkis, Sevda
    Hederahelix L.yaprak döken orman ekosistemlerinin önemli türlerinden birisidir. YeniceOrmanlari’nda bulunan Kavakli Tabiati Koruma Alani’nda tirmanici özelliginindisinda yogun bir yer örtücü (sürünücü) özellik de sergilemektedir. Buçalismada, Kavakli Tabiati Koruma Alani’nda yayilis gösteren H. helixtürünün sürünücü ve tirmanici kisimlarinin yaprak ve gövdelerinde bazi bitkipigmentleri (klorofil-a, klorofil-b, Kl-a/Kl-b, karotenoid ve antosiyanin)açisindan fark olup olmadiginin arastirilmasi amaçlanmistir. Üç farkli bitkibireyinden yaprak ve gövde örnekleri toplanmis ve 1 g taze örnek kullanilarakekstraksyon islemi yapilmistir. Klorofiller için 662, 645 nm ve karetenoid için470 nm’deki absorbanslar ölçülmüstür. Antosiyanin miktarini belirlemek için 1 gyaprak örnegi 12 ml metanol/HCl (99/1) içerisinde 24 saat +4 0C’deinkübe edilerek 530 ile 657 nm’deki absorbanslar ölçülmüstür. Sonuçlarindegerlendirilmesinde tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Tukey testi ilekullanilmistir. Buna göre, sürünücü ve tirmanici bitki kisimlarinin yaprak vegövdeleri arasinda Kla, Klb, Kla/Klb ve karotenoid içerikleri açisindanistatistiksel olarak bir farklilik bulunmamistir. Antosiyanin içerigi açisindanfarkli bitki kisimlarina ait gövdeler arasinda önemli bir farklilik bulunmazken,tirmanici kisimlardaki yapraklarda sürünücü kisimlarin yapraklarina göreanlamli düzeyde daha yüksek oldugu tespit edilmistir (P<0,05). Elde edilenbulgular, yaprak döken orman ekosistemlerinde farkli orman katlarinda bulunan H.helix türünün hem sürünücü formda hem de tirmanici formda biyomas veoksijen üretimi açisindan benzer etkililikte katki sagladigini göstermektedir. 
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    Hedera helix L. Türünün Sürünücü ve Tırmanıcı Kısımlarında Bazı Pigment ve Antosiyanin İçeriklerinin Karşılaştırılması
    (2019) Elmas, Emire; Turkis, Sevda
    Hedera helix L. yaprak döken orman ekosistemlerinin önemli türlerinden birisidir. Yenice Ormanları’nda bulunanKavaklı Tabiatı Koruma Alanı’nda tırmanıcı özelliğinin dışında yoğun bir yer örtücü (sürünücü) özellik desergilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Kavaklı Tabiatı Koruma Alanı’nda yayılış gösteren H. helix türünün sürünücü vetırmanıcı kısımlarının yaprak ve gövdelerinde bazı bitki pigmentleri (klorofil-a, klorofil-b, Kl-a/Kl-b, karotenoidve antosiyanin) açısından fark olup olmadığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Üç farklı bitki bireyinden yaprak vegövde örnekleri toplanmış ve 1 g taze örnek kullanılarak ekstraksyon işlemi yapılmıştır. Klorofiller için 645, 662nm ve karotenoid için 470 nm’deki absorbanslar ölçülmüştür. Antosiyanin miktarını belirlemek için 1 g yaprakörneği 12 ml metanol/HCl (99/1) içerisinde 24 saat +4 0C’de inkübe edilerek 530 ile 657 nm’deki absorbanslarölçülmüştür. Sonuçların değerlendirilmesinde tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Tukey testi kullanılmıştır.Buna göre, sürünücü ve tırmanıcı bitki kısımlarının yaprak ve gövdeleri arasında Kla, Klb, Kla/Klb ve karotenoidiçerikleri açısından istatistiksel olarak bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Antosiyanin içeriği açısından farklı bitkikısımlarına ait gövdeler arasında önemli bir farklılık bulunmazken, tırmanıcı kısımlardaki yapraklarda sürünücükısımların yapraklarına göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P<0,05). Elde edilen bulgular,yaprak döken orman ekosistemlerinde farklı orman katlarında bulunan H. helix türünün hem sürünücü formda hemde tırmanıcı formda biyomas ve oksijen üretimi açısından benzer etkililikte katkı sağladığını göstermektedir.
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    Plant functional types in Mediterranean enclaves in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey
    (2015) Elmas, Emire; Kutbay, Hamdi Güray
    Mediterranean-type communities of the Sinop Peninsula were classifed as plant functional types (PFTs) by the help of some vegetative and generative traits and 5 PFTs were determined. Some vegetative (specifc leaf area (SLA), leaf texture, leaf P concentration, deciduousness, hairiness) and generative (reproductive phenology and fruit type) traits were found to be signifcant for discrimination of PFTs. It was found that PFT3 and PFT4 were associated with leaf texture, SLA, and leaf P concentration. PFT2 was associated with deciduousness, hairiness, and reproductive phenology, while PFT1 was only associated with fruit type. Generative traits were found to be associated with PFT1 and PFT2. PFT1 included aphyllous plants and they were associated with fruit type. Grimes CSR (competitive, stress-tolerant, and ruderal) strategies were also determined. All of the studied species exhibited transient strategies.
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    Relationship Between Plant Strategy Types and Soil Characteristics in Backdunes and Foredunes
    (Springer, 2025) Elmas, Emire; Turkis, Sevda; Bani, Baris
    Dune ecosystems support limited plant diversity under harsh conditions. This study examines the distribution of competitor, stress tolerator, and ruderal (CSR) strategies in foredune and backdune areas and their relationships with soil variables. Seasonal variations in soil properties and plant strategy types were assessed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). The Bray-Curtis similarity index showed a 67% dissimilarity between foredune and backdune plant strategies. Most soil variables exhibited significant seasonal changes (p < 0.05), except phosphorus (P) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Competitive and stress-tolerant species were positively associated with pH, salinity, and CaCO(3 )but negatively correlated with total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and moisture. In contrast, ruderal and mixed CSR species were linked to higher nutrient levels and moisture. Our findings highlight the adaptive resilience of dune species and the influence of soil conditions on plant community structure. Even without external disturbances, species well-adapted to harsh dune conditions can dominate, illustrating the dynamics of dune succession.
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    Removal of cadmium by Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L. and its effect on pigments and total phenolic compounds
    (Springer, 2008) Sivaci, Aysel; Elmas, Emire; Guemues, Fatih; Sivaci, E. Ridvan
    In this study, cadmium biosorption by Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L. was investigated. Although both species were found to be capable of removing cadmium from water, the performance of P. crispus was the most significant. These species were treated with 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg L-1 cadmium solutions for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Cadmium uptake of both species was lowest at 4 mg L-1 and highest at 64 mg L-1. Photosynthetic pigments and total phenolic compounds in both species were determined after exposure to various concentrations of cadmium for various times. Depending on the cadmium accumulation in both species, it was shown to decrease the level of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (24 and 96 h). The anthocyanin concentration in P. crispus increased at all cadmium concentrations studied (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg L-1), whereas in Myriophyllum heterophyllum it increased at the lower cadmium concentrations (0, 4, and 8 mg L-1) but decreased at higher cadmium concentrations (16, 32, and 64 mg L-1), for all exposure periods. The total phenolic compound level in both species increased with cadmium concentration during the 24 and 96 h exposure periods.
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    Sinop’da Yetisen Bazi Bitkilerin Metanolik Ekstraktlarinin Antibakteriyal ve Antifungal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi
    (Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, 2013) Berber, Ismet; Avsar, Cumhur; Çine, Nevra; Bozkurt, Nevin; Elmas, Emire
    Bu çalismada, Sinop’da yetisen 15 farkli bitki türünden elde edilen metanol ekstraktlarin antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri 3 Grampozitif Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9345, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064 , 2 Gram-negatif Escherichia coli ATCC 11293 ve Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 ve 3 maya Candida krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapilosis ATCC 22019 ve C. albicans ATCC 14053 suslarina karsi disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanilarak test edildi. Antimikrobiyal etkisi incelenen bitki türlerinin tümünün bir veya daha fazla mikroorganizmaya karsi etkili oldugu bulundu. Ayrica, Sinop’a endemik olan Crocus speciosus subsp. xantholaimos’in test edilen Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif bakterilere karsi yüksek antibakteriyal aktiviteye sahip oldugu belirlendi. Buna karsin, Laurus nobilis yaprak ve meyve özütleri 3 Candida türüne karsi daha yüksek antifungal aktivite gösterdi. Genel olarak bu çalismadan elde edilen sonuçlar, incelen bitki ekstraktlarinin antibakteriyal ve antifungal aktiviteleri arasinda önemli bir farkin olmadigini gösterdi
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    Sinop’da Yetişen Bazı Bitkilerin Metanolik Ekstraktlarının Antibakteriyal ve Antifungal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi
    (Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal, 2013) Berber, İsmet; Avşar, Cumhur; Çine, Nevra; Bozkurt, Nevin; Elmas, Emire
    Bu çalışmada, Sinop’da yetişen 15 farklı bitki türünden elde edilen metanol ekstraktların antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri 3 Gram-pozitif (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9345, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064), 2 Gram-negatif (Escherichia coli ATCC 11293 ve Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299) ve 3 maya (Candida krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapilosis ATCC 22019 ve C. albicans ATCC 14053) suşlarına karşı disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak test edildi. Antimikrobiyal etkisi incelenen bitki türlerinin tümünün bir veya daha fazla mikroorganizmaya karşı etkili olduğu bulundu. Ayrıca, Sinop’a endemik olan Crocus speciosus subsp. xantholaimos’ın test edilen Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif bakterilere karşı yüksek antibakteriyal aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlendi. Buna karşın, Laurus nobilis yaprak ve meyve özütleri 3 Candida türüne karşı daha yüksek antifungal aktivite gösterdi. Genel olarak bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, incelen bitki ekstraktlarının antibakteriyal ve antifungal aktiviteleri arasında önemli bir farkın olmadığını gösterdi.
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    The combined effects of cadmium and salinity on some pigments and total phenolic compounds of Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L.
    (African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2012) Sıvacı, Aysel; Elmas, Emire
    In this study, the combined effects of different salinity and cadmium concentrations (0, 0.05‰ NaCl + 4 mg L-1 Cd, 0.05‰ NaCl + 64 mg L-1 Cd, 5‰ NaCl + 4 mg L-1 Cd, 5‰ NaCl + 64 mg L-1 Cd) on some pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and anthocyanins) and total phenolic compounds were investigated in two aquatic plants (Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L.) at 24 and 96 h. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids decreased depending on Cd + NaCl concentrations and the time (24 h and 96 h) in both species (P<0.05). The anthocyanin concentrations showed differences in combined Cd and NaCl concentrations in both species at 24 and 96 h. In the two time periods (24 and 96 h), the levels of phenolic compounds at all concentrations of Cd + NaCl increased in both M. heterophyllum and P. crispus (P<0.05).
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    The effects of erosion and accretion on plant communities in coastal dunes in north of Turkey
    (Springer-Verlag Italia Srl, 2017) Agir, Senay Ulu; Kutbay, Hamdi Guray; Surmen, Burak; Elmas, Emire
    Coastal erosion resulted in dramatic changes in the structure of coastal dune communities for example many characteristic species may be removed from dune zones. The effects of coastal erosion on coastal dune communities in north of Turkey were investigated along seashore-inland gradient. It has been found that the severity of erosion caused to increase the differences among coastal dune communities. Our results also implied that embryonic shifting dunes represented by Achilleo maritimo-Elymetum farcti (EU Habitat 2110) and shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) represented by Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum arundinacea (EU Habitat 2120) were more prone to coastal dynamics. It has been found that the severity of erosion caused to increase the differences among coastal dune communities.
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    The Effects of Rock Chemistry and Ecological Factors on Plant Diversity in the Tokatli Canyon of Turkey
    (Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2020) Turkis, Sevda; Elmas, Emire; Ozyurt, Merve
    Species diversity, edaphic and geological rock properties were investigated in the Tokatli Canyon. Quercus infectoria-Platanus orientalis was identified as the plant community with the highest species diversity and richness. High concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- were found in moderately sloping areas in the north-east in the Tokatli Canyon. Available P contents tend to increase towards the Mediterranean communities. Arbutus andrachne-Cistus creticus plant communities, found in the study area (especially on central and higher slopes of the canyon) are an example of Mediterranean relict groupings formed by Mediterranean plants. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) available P, pH, K+, Mg++, EC and NO3- in the soil and TiO2, Al2O3, MgO and K2O in the rock are the factors affecting species diversity and distribution in the Tokatli Canyon area.
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    The effects of some soil properties (soil nitrogen forms and moisture) on community structure in Mediterranean plant communities in the Black Sea region
    (Wiley, 2019) Elmas, Emire; Kutbay, Hamdi Guray
    Mediterranean ecosystems comprise the second biodiversity hotspot area after tropical rain forests and will be most affected by global climate change. Therefore, it is important to understand community dynamics for effective conservation in this region. We investigated the relationships between soil moisture, nitrogen forms and community structuring in Quercus ilexL., Erica arborea L. and Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach communities, representing different successional stages, distributed as Mediterranean enclaves on the Sinop Peninsula (Turkey). The soil moisture, ammonium, nitrate and nitrite content were measured seasonally. Differences in these abiotic parameters within and between communities over seasons were tested. Previously collected biotic data were then used to analyze the relationship between soil parameters and community structure. Significant differences in soil parameters within and between seasons were found within and between communities. Our results show that there are different relationships between soil moisture, nitrogen forms and community structure in Mediterranean plant communities representing different successional stages. Differentiation in vegetation structure during succession cause changes especially in the water and nitrate content of the soil, and these changes in turn affect the continuity of community structure in Mediterranean plant communities.
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    The effects of the pine sac beetle (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.) on total phenolic compounds and photosynthetic pigment contents in pine species (Pinus nigra L. and Pinus brutia Ten.)
    (African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012) Sıvacı, Aysel; Elmas, Emire; Bozkurt, Nevin; Duman, Sevcan
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the pine sac beetle (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.) on the pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and total phenolic compounds in the Pinus nigra L. and Pinus brutia Ten. spread throughout the forest areas in the Boyabat District of the Sinop Province. It was found that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents were lower on the leaves of the P. nigra and P. brutia which had pine sac beetles in comparison to those not having pine sac beetles. It was also observed that the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were decreased on the stems of both species but there was no significant change in the contents of carotenoid. The phenolic compound levels increased in the leaves and the stems of P. nigra and P. brutia which had pine sac beetles compared to those that did not have pine sac beetles.
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    TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND IMPORTANCE VALUE OF DIFFERENT FOREST COMMUNITIES IN YENICE FORESTS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Turkis, Sevda; Elmas, Emire
    For the calculation of each kind of important value index is used to the number of individuals of the species, the number of species and the total number of individuals. This study is carried out for 24 localities in Kavakli and Citdere Nature Reserves Area's mixtured and pure beech and oak forests in Yenice Forests between 2014-2016. Changes in floristic composition were analyzed using the Importance Value index (IVI), calculated for each of the tree species. According to the results of the important value of Kavakli Nature Reserves Area (NCA) in forested areas Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach subsp. bornmulleriana (Mattf.) Coode et Cullen (157.08 %) is a dominant species. According to the results of the important value index of Citdere Nature Reserves Area in forest area Fagus orientalis L. (%145.1) is dominant species. The tree species diversity and the richness parameters are important in terms of Evenness at P <0, 05 in the field of Kavakli. The maximum effect of the species settlement within the area is provided with precipitation, slope aspect and soil moisture. The increase of the species richness of trees causes the increase of species diversity in the field of the Kavakli and Citdere areas.