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    Concentration and potential health risks of trace metals in warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa Forskal, 1775) from Southern Coasts of the Black Sea, Turkey
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Bayrakli, Baris
    The drastic increase of human population and industrial wastes mostly affects coastal areas. Crabs with limited mobility, especially in benthic regions of the coasts, are more affected by metal pollution. Monitoring of trace metals in terms of food safety and potential health risks is important for consumers. Warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa) samples were collected with trammel nets between July 2015 and June 2016. The crab extracts were analyzed by an ICP-MS optical emission spectrophotometer. Trace metal densities of crab meats in the present study were determined in the order of Zn > Cu > Fe > As > Al > Mn > Hg > Pb >= Cd. These levels were below the acceptable values reported by the Turkish Food Codex and the EU Commission. The target hazard quotient (THQ) was above 1 in terms of As, Cu, and Hg trace metals in both groups. This study showed that although the level of trace metal was below allowable values, consumption of warty crab more than once a month may cause metal toxicity according to potential health risk analyses.
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    Effects of floods resulting from climate change on metal concentrations in whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and health risk assessment
    (Springer, 2023) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Bayrakli, Baris; Altuntas, Mutlu
    In this research, the effect of flooding caused by heavy precipitation, postulated to be one of the consequences of climate change, on toxic metal concentrations in two demersal fish species, whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus), was investigated. For both demersal fish species, concentrations of Hg, Fe, Cd, Pb, Se, Al, Zn, Cu, Sr, B, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ba, and Li were compared between samples taken from Turkeli, Sinop, Black Sea, before and after the flood event in August 2021. Hg, Mn, Se, Li, B, and Sr metal concentrations increased in whiting and in red mullet in the post-flood samples. Estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, cancer risk, the maximum allowable daily consumption rate and minimum daily requirements, and health risk analyses indicated that daily consumption of whiting and red mullet was risky due to the heavy metal Hg level after the flood. In addition, it was found that the samples had higher levels of Se than Hg, Se/Hg ratios were above 1, and Se-HBV were positive. Therefore, whiting and red mullet fishing should be restricted for a limited time period in the region.
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    Fatty Acid Profiles of Fish Oil Derived by Different Techniques from By-products of Cultured Black Sea Salmon, Oncorhynchus mykiss
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agriculture, 2023) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Bayrakli, Baris
    This paper investigates the fatty acid profiles of fish oil extracted from by-products of cultured Black Sea salmon, Oncorhynchus mykiss, using conventional [conventional fish oil (CFO)] and dry freezing oil [dry freezer oil (DFO)] techniques. In the CFO and DFO groups, monounsaturated fatty acid + polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) comprised 74.00% and 72.68% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The highest PUFA was linoleic acid (CFO=14.22%, DFO=13.15%) with Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) being the second most concentrated fatty acid for PUFA in the CFO (8.12%) and DFO (8.02%) groups, followed by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) (CFO=4.39%, DFO=2.87%). Similarly, the difference between groups in omega -3 was statistically significant (p<0.05) and the CFO ratio was higher in the DFO. The PI, AI, TI, h/H, and UI percentages in the CFO group were 0.99, 0.37, 0.26, 2.98, and 1.73%, respectively, while in the DFO group they were 0.80, 0.35, 0.31, 2.83, and 1.61%, respectively. The findings of this study conclude that the oils obtained from Black Sea salmon by-products are rich in omega -3 fatty acids and have good lipid quality indexes.
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    Health Risk Assessment of Metals via Consumption of Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) from the Black Sea
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agriculture, 2024) Bayrakli, Baris; Yigit, Murat; Altuntas, Mutlu; Maita, Masashi
    The present study investigated the bioaccumulation of metals in raw, heat treated-and sterilized Rapa whelk, and evaluated the consumer risks for human consumption. All of the metals, with the exception of Mn, were found to be lower than the permissible FAO standards. A remarkable amount of metal was released into the boiling water (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn) after heat treatment and hypochlorite solution (Al, As, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se, Zn). After sterilization, the levels for As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Cr, Zn, Se, Cu, and Hg in Rapa whelk were reduced by 47.4%, 40.1%, 24.9%, 20.3%, 17.5%, 4.5%, 3.6%, 0.93%, and 0.68%, respectively. The metals in Rapa whelk exposed to hypochlorite immersion were found to be below permissible upper limits. The target hazard quotients for the non- carcinogenic risks of consuming sterilized Rapa whelk were below 1 (THQ<1), showing no potential health risks for adult men, women and children when consuming sterilized Rapa whelk. Indeed, Rapa whelk could be a good source of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn to meet the daily recommended quantities in food, when consumed regularly. However, the cancer risks of As, Cd, Ni, and Pb proved to be over acceptable levels; hence, the safe consumption limits determined in this study are advisable when consuming Rapa whelk.
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    Karadeniz’de Farkli Hammaddelerden Elde Edilen Balik Unlarinin Besin Kompozisyonu
    (Bülent VEREP, 2019) Bayrakli, Baris; Duyar, Hünkar Avni
    Bu çalismada, 2017-2018 av sezonunda Sinop ilinde faaliyet gösterenbalik unu-yagi fabrikasinin Karadeniz’de avlanan hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus) ve çaça (Sprattus sprattus) baliklarinin islenmesi ile ürettigi balik ununun besin kompozisyonuarastirilmistir. Üretilen hamsi ununun çaça baligindan elde edilen undanyaklasik olarak %6 daha yüksek ham proteine sahip oldugu (HBU: %72.56±0.386,ÇBU: %66.68±0.204) tespit edilmistir. Ham protein bakimindan HBU ile ÇBUgruplari arasinda ki fark istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmustur (p<0.05).HBU grubunda ham yag (%8.12±0.360), nem (%7.78±0.810) ve ham kül (%10.75±0.625)degerleri ile ÇBU grubundaki degerler (sirasiyla %: 10.73±0.216, 6.41±0.178, 15.23±0.217)arasinda da istatistiki olarak farklar önemli bulunmustur (p<0.05).Karbonhidrat degeri HBU ve ÇBU’da sirasiyla % 0.80±0.085, 0.96±0.176, enerjidegeri ise sirasiyla 366.47±2.237, 367.11±1.824 kcal / g olarak belirlenmistir.Karbonhidrat ve enerji degerleri bakimindan gruplar arasinda farkin önemsizoldugu tespit edilmistir (p>0.05). Hayvan yem rasyonlari için ÇBU ve HBU önemliham protein kaynaklaridir. Hamsiye göre çaça baliginin av sezonu uzun sürdügüiçin tür fabrikalarin çalisma is gününü artirmasi bakimindan önemli birhammadde kaynagi olusturabilir. Hamsi ve çaça baliginin stok yapisi vepopulasyon dinamikleri ile ilgili arastirmalarin devamliligi ve sonuçlarininbalikçilik yönetimi tarafindan degerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Budegerlendirme, Türkiye için önemli bir su ürünleri isleme sektörü olan balikunu-yag fabrikalarinin sürdürülebilir hammadde kaynaklarinin korunmasibakimindan oldukça önemlidir.
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    Karadeniz’de Hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus) ve Çaça (Sprattus sprattus) Baliklarinin Avciligi ile Balik Unu-yagi Isleme Teknolojisi Üzerine Bir Arastirma
    (Kastamonu Üniversitesi, 2019) Duyar, Hünkar Avni; Bayrakli, Baris; Özdemir, Süleyman
    Buarastirmada, balik unu-yaginin üretiminde kullanilan pelajik türlerden hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.) ve çaça (Sprattussprattus, L.)baliklarinin avcilik ve balik unu-yagi sektöründeki mevcut durumu analizedilmistir. Arastirmanin avcilik verileri 2010-2014 tarihlerinde ticari balikçigemilerinden, balik unu-yagi verileri 2008-2018 yillarinda bölgedekifabrikalardan alinarak yürütülmüstür. Karadeniz’de hamsi girgir ve ortasu trolüaglari ile çaça baligi ise ortasu trolü aglari ile avlanmaktadir. Karadeniz’dehamsi avciligi daha uzun dönem ve genis sahalarda yogun avlanirken çaça baligi belirliaylarda sinirli bir saha içerisinde avlamaktadir. Bu durumda üretim, balikunu-yagi fabrikalarinin çalisma ve baligi isleme potansiyelinde degisiklikgöstermektedir. Çalismada alinan tüm veriler degerlendirilerek, hem hamsi hemde çaça baliklarindan, Türkiye su ürünleri avlama ve isleme sektörünesürdürülebilir ve maksimum ürünle katki saglanabilmesi için önerilersunulmustur.
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    Lenght-weight Relationships, Condition Factor Index and Meat Yield of Rapa Whelks (Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846) in the Yakakent Regions (Southern Blacksea)
    (Adem Yavuz Sonmez, 2016) Bayrakli, Baris; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Birinci Ozdemir, Zekiye
    Length-Weight Relationships, Condition Indexes and Meat Yields of Rapa Whelks (Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846) in Yakakent (the southern Black Sea) were investigated. This study was to determine the length-weight relationships, condition indexes and meat yields of Rapana venosa in Yakakent (Samsun, Black Sea). For this aim, 431 rapa whelk specimens were sampled at monthly intervals between December 2014 and November 2015. The total length and weight of the specimens ranged from 43.52 to 109.52mm and from 15.42 to 234.53g, respectively. The length-weight equation calculated as W=0.0007 L2.7287 (r2 = 0.91). Negative allometric growth (t = 6.4432, P<0.05) was observed for rapa whelks. The condition indexes varied between 2.58-40.43 with a mean 15.74 +/- 0.26. The highest mean condition index (24.52) was recorded in January and the lowest (11.17) in July. Meat yields ranged from 9.08% to 46.27% with a mean 29.32 +/- 0.29, the highest in January (36.45%) and the lowest in September (23.30%).
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    Length-weight relationships of the three most abundant pelagic fish species caught by mid-water trawls and purse seine in the Black Sea
    (Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 2014) Satilmis, Hasan Huseyin; Sumer, Cetim; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Bayrakli, Baris
    Length-weight relationships were estimated for the three most abundant and frequently caught pelagic fish species, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus, horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus, and sprat Sprattus sprattus phalericus caught by mid-water trawls and purse seine between November 2002 and November 2003 in the Black Sea. The values of the slope b in the length-weight relationships ranged between 2.969 and 3.134, with a mean of 10.95 +/- 0.03 cm total length (TL) for anchovy, between 3.003 and 3.099, with a mean of 9.55 +/- 0.04 cm TL for sprat, between 3.250 and 3.290, with a mean of 13.60 +/- 0.07 cm TL for horse mackerel. Isometric growth (Pauly's t-test, P > 0.05) was observed in females and all individuals for sprat, in males and all individuals for anchovy. Positive allometric growth (Pauly's t-test, P < 0.05) was estimated in males for sprat, females for anchovy and females, males and all individuals for horse mackerel.
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    Metal concentrations, selenium-mercury balance, and potential health risk assessment for consumer of whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus L., 1758) from different regions of the southern Black Sea
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Yildiz, Harun; Bayrakli, Baris; Altuntas, Mutlu; Celik, Ihsan
    The significant increase in the human population and the associated industrial wastes have a widespread impact on coastal areas. It is important to monitor trace elements that affect food safety and pose a potential consumer health threat. All over the Black Sea coast, people enjoy consuming whiting as both meat and roe. In February 2021, whitings were caught by bottom trawling from four different locations on the coasts of Kastamonu, Sinop (Sarikum, Adabasi), and Samsun in the southern Black Sea region. The meat and roe extracts obtained from whiting samples were analyzed through an optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Trace element concentrations of whiting meat and roe in this study were Zn > F e > Sr > As > Al > Se > B > Mn > Cu > Hg > Li > Ni > Ba > Pb > Cr > Cd and Zn > Fe > Al > As > Cu > Sr > Mn > Se > B > Ba > Li > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb > Cd, respectively. These amounts were lower than the acceptable values accepted by the EU Commission. In case of whiting and roe consumption of a maximum of three portions (860.33 g) for Adabasi, six portions for Kastamonu (1432.37 g), three portions for Samsun (828.55 g), and five portions (1253.04 g) for Sarikum per month do not pose a health risk.
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    Monthly Variations in Proximate Composition, Fatty Acid Quality and Amino Acid Score of Warty Crab, Eriphia verrucosa (Forsskal, 1775) from the Southern Coast of Black Sea, Turkey
    (Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2021) Bayrakli, Baris
    In this study, monthly amino acid and fatty acid contents of warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa) were determined. From the southern coast of the Black Sea, fifty individuals of warty crab were caught every month. Amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), and meal size amino acid score (MSAAS) were calculated. In August, when E. verrucosa breeds densely, the crude protein (%13.52) rate was found to be the lowest compared to other months. In September, the crude fat rate (1.07%) was found to be the lowest, and in August, moisture was the highest. Among the essential amino acids (EAA) determined during the study, lysine reached the highest value each month followed by leucine and isoleucine, respectively. On the other hand, among the non-essential amino acids (NEAA), aspartic acid and glutamic acid were the highest each month followed by glycine and alanine, respectively. The mean DHA/EPA ratio was calculated as 0.52 +/- 0.031. Moreover, the ratio of omega-6:omega-3 ratio was determined as 1:2.92. AI, TI, PI, h/H, and FLQ indexes were calculated as 0.30, 0.22, 1.97, 3.52, and 25.50, respectively. E. verrucosa can be recommended for a healthy diet according to its high protein and low-fat content, high AAS, CS, MSAAS, EPA-DHA, and omega-3/omega-6 levels determined in this study. Furthermore, these values comply with the suggestions of World Health Organization (WHO).
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    Seasonal Variation in Biochemical Composition of the Veined Rapa Whelk, Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) Caugth By Beam Trawl (Algarna) in The Black Sea
    (Centivens Inst Innovative Research-Ciir, 2016) Bayrakli, Baris; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Duyar, Hunkar Avni
    This study was conducted to determine the seasonal variation in biochemical composition of the veined rapa whelk, Rapana venosa caugth by beam trawl (Algarna) in the Blach Sea. R. venosa samples were obtained from fishermen who fishing off Yakakent at Samsun province in the Black Sea between December 2014 and November 2015. Homogenised dired veined rapa whelk meats were used for crude protein, crude oil and crude ash analyzes. Mean crude ash values was the highest in winter (2.91 +/- 0.134%) and the lowest in spring (2.37 +/- 0.051%) (P<0.05). The mean lipid values were not statistically difference among the seasons (one way ANOVA, P > 0.05). The mean crude protein values were also not statistically difference among the seasons (P>0.05). Mean dry matter values was the highest value in winter (31.33 +/- 0.448%) and the lowest in spring (30.01 +/- 0.280%). The dry matter values in winter was also statistically higher than spring (P<0.05). Food availability, plankton composition, temperature, reproduction activities, analysed tissues such as gonad, digestive gland, foot and mantle are the importent factors effect the biochemical composition of rapana. Thus, these factors should be take into account in the future studies.
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    Yakakent Bölgesindeki (Güney Karadeniz) Deniz Salyangozlarinin ISSN:1307-3311 (Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846) Boy-Agirlik Iliskileri, Kondisyon Indeksleri ve Et Verimleri
    (Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2016) Bayrakli, Baris; Özdemir, Süleyman; Binici Özdemir, Zekiye
    Bu çalismada, Yakakentbölgesindeki (Samsun, Karadeniz) deniz salyangozlarinin boy-agirlik iliskileri,kondisyon indeksleri ve et verimleri tespit edilmistir. Bu amaçla, Aralik2014-Kasim 2015 tarihleri arasinda aylik periyotlarla 431adet deniz salyangozuörneklenmistir. Toplam boy ve agirlik degerleri sirasiyla 43,52-109,52mm ve 15,42-234,53garasinda degisim göstermistir. Boy-agirlik iliskisi denklemi W=0,0007 L2,7287(r2=0,91) olarak hesaplanmistir. Deniz salyangozlari negatif allometrik birbüyüme göstermistir (t=6,4432; P <0,05). Kondisyon indeks degerleri 2,58-40,43araliginda ve ortalama 15,74±0,26 olarak bulunmustur. En yüksek kondisyonindeks degerleri Ocak ayinda (24,52), en düsük ise Temmuz ayinda (11,17) belirlenmistir.Et verimi oranlari %9,8-%46,27 araliginda, ortalama 29,32±0,29, en yüksek Ocakayi (%36,45), en düsük Eylül ayi (%23,30) olarak tespit edilmistir.