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    EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON ESSENTIAL AND HEAVY METAL COMPOSITION OF POPULAR FISH SPECIES CONSUMED IN THE KARACHI COAST OF THE ARABIAN SEA
    (North Univ Center Baia Mare, 2019) Zafar, Fatima Hayat Shaheen; Zahid, Mohammad; Bat, Levent
    This study analyzed three popular species of fish in raw and cooked (curried and fried) form, commonly consumed in Karachi coast and overall in Pakistan for their essential and heavy metal composition. The outcomes revealed that the content of toxic heavy metal (Hg) was observed in all raw samples particularly in raw Mulla fish (Lethrinus nebulosus) but heat treatment by frying and curry preparation of fish led to a decrease of Hg content in the muscles of all selected species especially in L. nebulosus after frying. While in Acanthopagarus arabicus Hg content was below detectable level. In this study the levels of Cd and Cr were observed at below detectable levels in all selected species except in A. arabicus where Cd tend to decrease after frying while the content of Cr slightly increase after both types of cooking. In the present study the essential metals namely Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn tend to increase in all fin fishes after cooking, especially in curried form. The above-mentioned result determined that these customary culinary practices of fish have an influence on their essential and heavy metal constituents. Furthermore, eating variety of fin fish species by applying different procedures of cooking is the finest attempt to attain better-quality of dietetic ways, minimizing mercury revelation and increasing chance to obtain vital elements.
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    Seasonal determination of proximate composition and essential elements in commercial fishes from Pakistan and human health risk assessment
    (Kemerovo State Univ, 2024) Gull, Amna; Zafar, Fatima Hayat Shaheen; Panhwar, Sher Khan; Bat, Levent; Zahid, Mohammad
    The seasonal variability in proximate composition and essential elements demonstrates that the habitat and feeding habits of fish species play a vital role in energy transfer. We aimed to ascertain seasonal variability in the biochemical composition (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, ash, and moisture) and the amounts of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the species Nemipterus japonicus, Epinephelus erythrurus, Nematalosa nasus, and Ilisha striatula inhabiting pelagic and demersal zones. We compared the nutritional profile of these fish species and their seasonal importance. The essential elements were detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and found in the following order: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Mn > Zn. To determine the proximate composition, we employed a number of methods: the Lowry method for protein analysis, the acid hydrolysis method for fat/lipid analysis, a formula for carbohydrates and moisture, and the incineration method for ash content. The spring inter-monsoon season showed the highest values for the essential elements in both pelagic and demersal species. However, the pelagic species had the highest biochemical composition levels during the southwest monsoon. The autumn intermonsoon had the lowest bio-profile for the fishes of both regimes. The summer season, which is not thought to be good for fish consumption, showed the highest biochemical composition levels in the pelagic fish. The nutritional profile of fish flesh can be affected by feeding habits, seasonal variation, and habitat.
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    Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of Buleji and Paradise Point rocky shores at Karachi coast
    (Cem GAZIOGLU, 2018) Shaheen Zafar, Fatima Hayat; Ayub, Zarrien; Karim, Aasia; Zahid, Mohammad; Bat, Levent
    The aim of the current studywas to determine common physico-chemical parameters (salinity, temperature,chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, andpH) of coastal water of two rocky shores from Buleiji and Paradise Point rockyshores at Karachi monthly basis, from November 2007 to April 2009. The range ofair and surface water temperature of Buleji varies from 19 ºC to 30 ºC and 21ºCto 29 ºC, respectively. Almost similar air temperature and seawater temperature(19º to 29º C) were recorded at Paradise Point. Salinity ranged from 35 to 39 ‰at Buleji while it ranged between 35 to 40 ‰ at Paradise Point. The lowestconcentrations of dissolved oxygen was recorded in November’07 and November’08at both sites, at Buleiji which were 1.6 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L while at ParadisePoint it was 1.8 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The pH value ranged from 7.0to 8.3 at Buleji and from 7.5 to 8.4 at Paradise Point. The concentrations ofchlorophyll-a were between 1.2 and 3.7µg cm-2 at Buleji while it ranged from 0.9 to 3.3 µg cm-2 at Paradise Point.Results showed that the obtained values of temperatures, salinity, pH and   chlorophyll-a are favorable for the continuedsurvival of marine biota but the values of dissolved oxygen were found to bebelow 4 mg/L which are not suitable for various species. Prolonged periods ofminimal dissolved oxygen directly upset larval stages of numerous marineorganisms. In Karachi coastal areas, seasonal accessibility of surface water isvery responsive to the monsoon climate and physiography of coastal belt. Theseconcerns were used to inform the common people and decision-makers about thestate of the coastal environments. To protect these dynamic significanthabitats, the government organizations and researchers should work withappropriate consideration.