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    EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON ESSENTIAL AND HEAVY METAL COMPOSITION OF POPULAR FISH SPECIES CONSUMED IN THE KARACHI COAST OF THE ARABIAN SEA
    (North Univ Center Baia Mare, 2019) Zafar, Fatima Hayat Shaheen; Zahid, Mohammad; Bat, Levent
    This study analyzed three popular species of fish in raw and cooked (curried and fried) form, commonly consumed in Karachi coast and overall in Pakistan for their essential and heavy metal composition. The outcomes revealed that the content of toxic heavy metal (Hg) was observed in all raw samples particularly in raw Mulla fish (Lethrinus nebulosus) but heat treatment by frying and curry preparation of fish led to a decrease of Hg content in the muscles of all selected species especially in L. nebulosus after frying. While in Acanthopagarus arabicus Hg content was below detectable level. In this study the levels of Cd and Cr were observed at below detectable levels in all selected species except in A. arabicus where Cd tend to decrease after frying while the content of Cr slightly increase after both types of cooking. In the present study the essential metals namely Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn tend to increase in all fin fishes after cooking, especially in curried form. The above-mentioned result determined that these customary culinary practices of fish have an influence on their essential and heavy metal constituents. Furthermore, eating variety of fin fish species by applying different procedures of cooking is the finest attempt to attain better-quality of dietetic ways, minimizing mercury revelation and increasing chance to obtain vital elements.
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    Heavy metals analysis of the limpet Cellana karachiensis (Winckworth 1930) from two rocky shores of the Karachi coasts of Pakistan
    (2020) Zafar, Fatima Hayat Shaheen; Bat, Levent; Mahmood, Sidra; Hussain, Ikhlaq
    In current years, observing the concentration of heavy metals in marine biota has received much awareness as the public are moreaware about the healthy environment and food. Intensity of these metals in a huge range of finfish and shellfish would give baselineinformation for some of the toxic metals. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the presence andconcentration of some heavy metals in the true limpet Cellana karachiensis a gastropod mollusk which is abundantly found at theintertidal to high tidal zones of different rocky shores of Sind and Baluchistan coasts of Pakistan. In the present study two distinctanthropogenic dynamic rocky shores i.e., Clifton and Mubarak village of Karachi coast was selected to analyse the heavy metals insoft tissues of C. karachiensis which accept as a good bio-indicator mollusk to observe heavy metal pollution awareness. Theconcentration of zinc (Zn), chrome (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the soft tissue of the limpet C. karachiensisfrom two rocky shores in the Karachi coast has been measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (A Analyst 700) for monitoringmetal contamination of samples. Accumulation of Zn was found highest followed by Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd in the months of July andAugust 2019 in Clifton shores. While at the same period the highest concentration was Zn followed by Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb at Mubarakvillage shore. It has been observed that, C. karachiensis at Clifton shore accumulated more than heavy metals that found at Mubarakvillage shore. The pattern of accumulation of Heavy metals at both sites of limpets did not exhibit much difference. ANOVA singlefactor and student t test was done for the statistical analysis of metal contents in soft tissues of C. karachiensis of both shores at(p<0.01) and observed statistically significant differences in the amounts of the Cu, Cd and Zn elements among the limpets of bothrocky shores. Same as the significant result at p<0.01 and p<0.05 was observed in between the length size of limpets at Clifton andMubarak Village rocky shores. Correlation studies carried out for the metal concentrations in limpet and shell length of the animalwhich did not show significant results except Cu at Mubarak village shore. The results were compared with previous studies anddiscussed.
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    Seasonal determination of proximate composition and essential elements in commercial fishes from Pakistan and human health risk assessment
    (Kemerovo State Univ, 2024) Gull, Amna; Zafar, Fatima Hayat Shaheen; Panhwar, Sher Khan; Bat, Levent; Zahid, Mohammad
    The seasonal variability in proximate composition and essential elements demonstrates that the habitat and feeding habits of fish species play a vital role in energy transfer. We aimed to ascertain seasonal variability in the biochemical composition (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, ash, and moisture) and the amounts of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the species Nemipterus japonicus, Epinephelus erythrurus, Nematalosa nasus, and Ilisha striatula inhabiting pelagic and demersal zones. We compared the nutritional profile of these fish species and their seasonal importance. The essential elements were detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and found in the following order: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Mn > Zn. To determine the proximate composition, we employed a number of methods: the Lowry method for protein analysis, the acid hydrolysis method for fat/lipid analysis, a formula for carbohydrates and moisture, and the incineration method for ash content. The spring inter-monsoon season showed the highest values for the essential elements in both pelagic and demersal species. However, the pelagic species had the highest biochemical composition levels during the southwest monsoon. The autumn intermonsoon had the lowest bio-profile for the fishes of both regimes. The summer season, which is not thought to be good for fish consumption, showed the highest biochemical composition levels in the pelagic fish. The nutritional profile of fish flesh can be affected by feeding habits, seasonal variation, and habitat.