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    Biocomposite materials in orthodontics
    (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2023) Cicek, Orhan; Ozkalayci, Nurhat; Yetmez, Mehmet
    Biomaterials are called non-vital materials intended to interact with biological habitats. Any material that emerges as a bioengineering product can be considered as a biomaterial in the repair and reconstruction of lost, debilitated, or infarcted tissues. They differ from other materials in that they have chemical, mechanical, physical, and biological properties that make them suitable for use in a physiological medium. In this context, these biomaterials are applied in a wide range of fields such as medicine, dentistry, veterinary and pharmacology, which are in close and continuous contact with body tissues. The most fundamental feature that should be in a biomaterial planned to be used in medical applications is biocompatibility and it is seen that single-phase homogeneous, isotropic and so called isotropic materials such as metal, polymer and ceramic are used. Mechanical weakness, liquid absorption, and leaking in polymers, a tendency to create image artifacts in threedimensional imaging methods in metals, and low mechanical reliability, brittleness, fabrication difficulties, and lack of elasticity in ceramics are main points of all disadvantages for these materials. These disadvantages have led to the development of composite biomaterials, which exhibit multi-phase material properties without losing their properties, which are consist of two or more materials with different chemical structures. Composites, which were called biocomposites for the first time in 1991 with their use in the human body, are a mixture made by maintaining the superior properties of two different materials and losing their inferior properties. For the sake of biocompatibility, there are natural biocomposites such as bones, teeth, skin, cartilage, tendons and ligaments, as well as resin-based composite filling materials in dental applications. Biocompatible and biodegradable biocomposites with superior mechanical properties for use in oral and dental tissue engineering have been developed mainly by using multiple biocompatible material mixtures. Consequently, in the design of biocomposite materials used in humans, the suitable selection of matrix and materials, appropriate production and processing methods, and the internal-external design of the device must be taken into account correctly. In this chapter, not only biocomposite materials used in orthodontic practices are discussed but also dental implant and prosthetic bridge applications. In fixed orthodontic treatment, orthodontic brackets and arch wires placed in the slots of these brackets are used for the leveling and proper alignment of the teeth. In general, both brackets and arch wires are manufactured from metal alloys. Composite arch wires, however, offer the benefits of aesthetics, ease of forming, and the ability to alter stiffness without changing component dimensions. Again, polymer composite orthodontic brackets need to be developed due to disadvantages such as the abrasion of tooth enamel of ceramic orthodontic brackets and the unaesthetic appearance of metallic brackets and the risk of allergic reaction. The aim of this chapter is (i) to reveal the current findings on biocomposite materials used in the field of orthodontics and (ii) to discuss new and futher results for behaviors of biocomposite materials under various orthodontic force conditions. © 2024 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Öğe
    Effect of Different Types of Adhesive Agents on Orthodontic Bracket Shear Bond Strength: A Cyclic Loading Study
    (Mdpi, 2023) Eser, Irfan; Cicek, Orhan; Ozkalayci, Nurhat; Yetmez, Mehmet; Erener, Hande
    Bracket failure is one of the most important problems encountered during fixed orthodontic treatment. For this reason, different types of adhesive agents have been developed over the years. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of brackets bonded to teeth etched with a conventional acid etching method in a laboratory environment by using different types of adhesive agents and comparing the number of shear strokes. Sixty human maxillary premolars were divided into three groups and Gemini stainless steel metal brackets (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were bonded to all teeth. In Group 1, Transbond (TM) XT Primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and Transbond (TM) XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste composite (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were used. In Group 2, BracePaste((R)) MTP Primer (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, CA, USA) and BracePaste((R)) Adhesive composite (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were used. In Group 3, Ortho Solo (TM) Primer (Ormco, Orange, CA, USA) and Grengloo (TM) Adhesive composite (Ormco, Brea, CA, USA) were used. The samples were subjected to a shear test with a closed-loop controlled, low-cycle fatigue machine with a capacity of 10 N and a crosshead speed of 300 mm/min. The number of shear strokes of the brackets was recorded. According to the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests performed on the data obtained, statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of the numbers of shear strokes (p < 0.05). Significantly higher numbers of shear strokes and higher shear bond strengths were observed in Group 3 compared with Group 1 and Group 2 (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the numbers of shear strokes for Group 1 and Group 2 samples (p > 0.05). To conclude the study, it was observed that the type of adhesive used had an effect on the bond strength of the bracket and that the Grengloo (TM) adhesive agent showed higher shear bond strength. It was observed that BracePaste((R)) Adhesive and Transbond (TM) XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste adhesive agents had similar shear bond strengths.