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    Chlorination of Antivirals in Wastewater: Effects of Microplastics and Ecotoxicity on Aquatic and Terrestrial Species
    (Mdpi, 2025) Bilgin-Saritas, Nilay; Topuz, Emel; Pehlivanoglu, Elif
    The presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater raises concerns about the toxicological risks associated with its discharge and reuse. During the COVID-19 pandemic, widespread use of antivirals (ATVs), along with plastic gloves and masks, further contributed to pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Chlorination, commonly used for wastewater disinfection, may alter the toxicity of antivirals in the presence of microplastics (MPs) and complex organics in secondarily treated wastewater. To investigate this, synthetic secondary effluent containing Favipiravir (FAV) and Oseltamivir (OSE) was exposed to various chlorination conditions, both with and without MPs. The changes in the concentrations of FAV and OSE were measured using LC-MS/MS with isotopically labeled standards. Chlorination was more effective in removing Favipiravir (42 +/- 4%) than Oseltamivir (26 +/- 3%). The ecotoxicological effects were assessed on two species-Aliivibrio fischeri (a bacterium) and Enchytraeus crypticus (a soil invertebrate)-to evaluate potential impacts on aquatic and soil environments, though discharge of or irrigation with treated wastewater, respectively. Results indicated that chlorination of wastewater itself increased toxicity more significantly than the chlorination of antivirals to either species, suggesting that chlorination may not be as beneficial despite its cost-effectiveness. The effects of MPs in chlorinated wastewater on toxicity highlighted the importance of sample matrices in environmental toxicity studies.
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    Degradation and ecotoxicity of favipiravir and oseltamivir in the presence of microplastics during ozonation and catalytic ozonation of synthetic municipal wastewater effluents
    (Wiley, 2025) Dogruel, Serdar; Chavoshi, Nasim; Bilgin-Saritas, Nilay; Khataee, Alireza; Topuz, Emel; Pehlivanoglu, Elif
    BackgroundFavipiravir (FAV) and oseltamivir (OSE) are antiviral agents developed against influenza and they were repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluated the potential of ozonation and catalytic ozonation as tertiary treatment approaches for removing FAV and OSE from municipal wastewaters, both in the presence and absence of microplastics (MPs), while comparing the ecotoxicity of untreated and treated secondary effluents to predict the ecotoxicological effects of these technologies during municipal wastewater treatment.ResultsAt an initial antiviral concentration of 50 mu g L-1, ozonation at pH 7 with a specific ozone dose of 0.6 mg O3 (mg DOC)-1 yielded FAV and OSE removals of 84 and 64%, respectively, while the presence of catalyst or MPs decreased the degradation rate by 30-40%. Raising the pH to 10 had minimal impact on FAV abatement, but improved OSE reduction by 21%. Acute toxicity tests using Vibrio fischeri demonstrated that simultaneous ozonation of the analytes led to the accumulation of transformation products (TPs) of FAV and OSE, with their combined effect almost equal to that of the original compounds. Reproduction toxicity tests indicated that TPs of antiviral drugs generated during ozonation were less toxic to Enchytraeus crypticus than the parent chemicals.ConclusionOzonation proved to be a viable option for upgrading existing wastewater treatment facilities, serving as a complementary treatment to minimize the release of antivirals from municipal secondary effluents and reduce their inhibitory effect on earthworm reproduction, thereby enhancing the reuse potential of treated wastewater for irrigation. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
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    Öğe
    Degradation and ecotoxicity of favipiravir and oseltamivir in the presence of microplastics during ozonation and catalytic ozonation of synthetic municipal wastewater effluents [2]
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025) Dogruel, Serdar; Chavoshi, Nasim; Bilgin-Saritas, Nilay; Khataee, Alireza; Topuz, Emel; Pehlivanoglu, Elif
    Background: Favipiravir (FAV) and oseltamivir (OSE) are antiviral agents developed against influenza and they were repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluated the potential of ozonation and catalytic ozonation as tertiary treatment approaches for removing FAV and OSE from municipal wastewaters, both in the presence and absence of microplastics (MPs), while comparing the ecotoxicity of untreated and treated secondary effluents to predict the ecotoxicological effects of these technologies during municipal wastewater treatment. Results: At an initial antiviral concentration of 50 μg L−1, ozonation at pH 7 with a specific ozone dose of 0.6 mg O3 (mg DOC)−1 yielded FAV and OSE removals of 84 and 64%, respectively, while the presence of catalyst or MPs decreased the degradation rate by 30–40%. Raising the pH to 10 had minimal impact on FAV abatement, but improved OSE reduction by 21%. Acute toxicity tests using Vibrio fischeri demonstrated that simultaneous ozonation of the analytes led to the accumulation of transformation products (TPs) of FAV and OSE, with their combined effect almost equal to that of the original compounds. Reproduction toxicity tests indicated that TPs of antiviral drugs generated during ozonation were less toxic to Enchytraeus crypticus than the parent chemicals. Conclusion: Ozonation proved to be a viable option for upgrading existing wastewater treatment facilities, serving as a complementary treatment to minimize the release of antivirals from municipal secondary effluents and reduce their inhibitory effect on earthworm reproduction, thereby enhancing the reuse potential of treated wastewater for irrigation. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).