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    Biochemical Effects of Long-Term Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Adolescent Female Athletes
    (Mdpi, 2025) Bilici, Omer Faruk; Erkan, Dilara; Alexe, Dan Iulian; Tohanean, Dragos Ioan; Demir, Canan; Alexe, Cristina Ioana; Voiculescu, Virgil Ene
    Background: Adolescence is a critical period where exercise-induced oxidative stress is modulated by both training adaptations and hormonal changes, particularly the antioxidant effects of estrogen in females. However, data on how adolescent female athletes respond to long-term exercise remain limited. The aim of this study was to examine oxidative stress levels and some antioxidant defense parameters in adolescent female athletes who train regularly. Methods: The study included 20 adolescent female basketball players (16.65 +/- 0.67 years; 165.50 +/- 0.06 cm; 59.75 +/- 5.50 kg) with at least three years of training experience and 20 non-athlete adolescent female participants (16.80 +/- 0.69 years; 159.95 +/- 0.04 cm; 60.15 +/- 4.23 kg). Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) levels were analyzed by a spectrophotometric method using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer in blood samples taken from all participants, and the data were compared between the groups. Results: The results showed that MDA levels were significantly lower in the athlete group (p < 0.01; d = 4.78). In addition, CAT activity was significantly higher in athletes compared to non-athletes (p < 0.01; d = 7.81). However, no significant difference was observed in GSH levels between the groups (p > 0.05; d = 0.15). A strong negative correlation was found between MDA and CAT (r = -0.900). Conclusions: These findings suggest that prolonged exercise reduces oxidative stress and enhances catalase-mediated antioxidant defense in adolescent women. Increased CAT activity and decreased MDA levels support this effect, while stable GSH levels point to the role of compensatory mechanisms.
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    The Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance and Functional Strength in Female Soccer Players
    (Mdpi, 2025) Mor, Hakki; Mor, Ahmet; Abdioglu, Mekki; Tohanean, Dragos Ioan; Savu, Catalin Vasile; Acar, Gizem Ceylan; Moraru, Cristina Elena
    Background/Objectives: Despite extensive research on caffeine's (CAF's) ergogenic effects, evidence regarding its impact on anaerobic performance in female athletes remains limited and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of 6 mg/kg(-1) caffeine on anaerobic performance, functional strength, agility, and ball speed in female soccer players. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design was employed. Thirteen moderately trained female soccer players (age: 21.08 +/- 1.11 years; height: 161.69 +/- 6.30 cm; weight: 59.69 +/- 10.52 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.77 +/- 3.50 kg/m(2); training age: 7.77 +/- 1.16 years; habitual caffeine intake: 319 +/- 160 mg/day) completed two experimental trials (caffeine vs. placebo (PLA)), separated by at least 48 h. Testing sessions included performance assessments in vertical jump (VJ), running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), bilateral leg strength (LS), handgrip strength (HS), single hop for distance (SH), medial rotation (90 degrees) hop for distance (MRH), change of direction (COD), and ball speed. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also recorded. Results: CAF ingestion significantly improved minimum (p = 0.011; d = 0.35) and average power (p = 0.007; d = 0.29) during RAST. A significant increase was also observed in SHR (single leg hop for distance right) performance (p = 0.045; d = 0.44). No significant differences were found in VJ, COD, ball speed, LS, HS, SHL, MRHR, or MRHL (p > 0.05). RPE showed a moderate effect size (d = 0.65) favoring the CAF condition, though not statistically significant (p = 0.110). Conclusions: In conclusion, acute CAF intake at a dose of 6 mg/kg(-1) may enhance anaerobic capacity and lower-limb functional strength in female soccer players, with no significant effects on jump height, agility, or upper-body strength.