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Öğe From Foundation to Crisis: Gazi Forest Farm and the Great Depression of 1929 (1926-1933)(Selcuk Univ, Inst Turkish Studies, 2025) Tekir, SuleymanThe establishment, known as Gazi Forest Farm (Gazi Orman Ciftligi) in the early Republican years and Ataturk Forest Farm (Ataturk Orman Ciftligi) in more recent times, is also a large economic enterprise. In this respect, it reflects the Turkish economy and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's view of the economy in the first years of the Republic. Gazi Forest Farm was built to implement modern agricultural and industrial production models in Turkiye and at the same time to create an economic model for the Republican administration. Considering the land on which it was built, the rehabilitation of the swamp for the start of construction process is an example of the solution to the basic problem faced in many regions of the country during the period. Since the lack of mechanised agriculture was acknowledged as the main problem of agriculture in Turkiye, modern agricultural techniques were used in the farm to set an example. In this context, the use of agricultural tools was tried to be popularized by teaching courses to farmers and villagers. Efforts were made to obtain high yields by improving the seeds in the hands of peasants. The agriculture branch of the establishment carried out trial plantings of hard wheat, winter black and white barley types and rye, as well as clover, maize and beetroot suitable for the harsh climate of Ankara to increase the country's low production capacity in these areas. The animal husbandry branch was divided into five different sections before beginning to produce small and large cattle bred in Turkiye. In this study, the establishment of Gazi Orman Ciftligi, its activities after the world economic depression of 1929 and the economic progress made until 1933 were discussed in the light of archival documents.Öğe From the People, Against the People: Banditry in Turkey during the National Struggle(Osman Kose, 2025) Tekir, Suleyman; Balaban, TugrulWhen the phenomenon of banditry is analyzed from a historical perspective, it is considered as movements that emerge from within the public against the social order and paradoxically manifest themselves against the public and encompass collective rebellion. Due to their local character and limited organizational capacity, these organizations could not evolve into a sustainable resistance movement and were systematically liquidated by the state mechanism. This study analyzes the activities of gang and bandit groups operating in Turkey during the National Struggle in the period 1920-1924 based on archival documents. During the period of the War of Independence, politically motivated rebellion movements that emerged with the provocation and encouragement of external actors stand out. Although banditry cases, which can be categorized as ordinary banditry, were considered as isolated incidents, these activities emerged as the dominant factor threatening the social order of the country. Banditry acquired a dichotomous character in the period in question: Organizations that supported the National Struggle and those that acted under the influence of external factors. These two new movements replaced the traditional banditry paradigm.Öğe Greek Occupation in Western Anatolia And Emigrants of Aydin (1919-1920)(Hacettepe Univ, 2017) Tekir, Suleyman; Ural, SelcukIzmir was occupied by Greek forces on 15 May 1919 on the pretext of the Armistice of Mudros that was signed with the Allied Powers in the end of World War I. Afterwards on 27 May 1919, Greeks occupied Aydin. On the days following the occupation, Greek soldiers began to massacre Muslim Turks living around Izmir and Aydin. The greatest goal of the massacres was to reduce Turkish population than the Greek population. One of the most tragic results of wars is that civilians living in war territories are obliged to leave their settlements, that is, migration. Due to these Greek massacres, population of the region began to emigrate towards interior areas. Efforts made by the administrative and military officials in the region were not sufficient in prevention of the emigration. Mostly consisting of women, children and elders, emigrants began to take refuge in the regions under Italian occupation. Emigrants had to go to two different regions named the southern and the northern territories. Some groups reached as far as Cine, Kocarli, Afyonkarahisar and Balikesir. Caught with occupations off their guards, emigrants had set off with insufficient clothing and supplies. Serious problems in terms of sheltering, health and food arose in the regions that the groups reached. They were helped by the local administrative officials and communities of the areas that they initially reached. In the following periods, they were helped by the government officials who were sent to the region. In connection with approximately 140 thousand emigrants who had to emigrate from around Aydin, this study addresses the areas they settled to, the health problems they suffered and the assistance they were provided with.Öğe Military Exemptions For Immigrants In The Ottoman Empire And The Circassian Conscription Question(Istanbul Univ, 2025) Tekir, Suleyman; Akay, TolgaThe issue of military service in the Ottoman Empire underwent a major transformation in the 19th century due to military reforms. This study examines the exemptions granted to muhacirs (immigrants) within the transforming military system of the 19th century Ottoman Empire, and especially the military service issue of Circassian muhacirs. The research, based on Ottoman State Archives sources, analyzes the financial and military exemptions granted by the state to millions of people who migrated to its lands for economic and social reasons. The aim of the study is to reveal how the initial 25-year exemption period-granted first to Crimean muhacirs and later generalized-was shortened starting from the 1880s, and the social reactions this created. The method used is based on the systematic examination of archival documents. According to the findings, total war environments such as the Balkan Wars and World War I largely ended military exemptions. The Circassian muhacirs were the group that experienced the most problems during this process. While the Circassians themselves became subject to military obligations, they strongly opposed the conscription of their slaves. However, the period of total war brought an end not only to the conscription of Circassians but also to the class structure among the Circassians
