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    Examination of Exercise-Induced Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Damage in Terms of Smoking
    (Montenegrin Sports Acad, 2019) Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Taskin, Hahl; Senel, Omer
    This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute endurance exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscles in smokers and non-smokers. Eight daily smokers (28.44 +/- 3.94 years) and nine non-smokers (29.62 +/- 3.46 years) were included. The subjects were not trained and performed continuous endurance exercise on a treadmill for 40 minutes at 70% of maximal heart rate. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline [pre-exercise (PRE)], at immediately after the exercise [post-exercise (POST)], at 2 hours after the exercise (2h), at 24 hours after the exercise (24h) to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase(CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (TN-T), and myoglobin levels. A progressive increase was observed in all exercise-induced muscle damage parameters of the smoker and non-smoker from PRE to 2h. CK, myoglobin and T-NT levels of smokers were significantly higher than non-smokers at 24h (p=0.039, p=0.018 p=0.008, respectively). No significant difference was found between the smoking and non-smoking groups at all time points regarding CK-MB and LDH levels (p>0.05). Acute endurance exercise leads to more skeletal and myocardial damage in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking may increase the risk of cardiovascular events during both exercise and daily physical activity.
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    The Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Cardiac Troponin T and Myoglobin Levels
    (Maghira & Maas Publications, 2019) Cakir, Ergun; Senel, Omer; Arslanoglu, Erkal
    OBJECTIVES: Skeletal and cardiac damages occurring in the high intensity training, can reduce the efficiency of the athlete in the next training session. Cold water immersion can help for more efficient recovery in athletes. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cold water immersion applied after exercise on cardiac troponin T and myoglobin levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental group comprised of a total of 23 male football players, of which 12 comprised the study group (age 22.4 +/- 3.16 years, height 176.9 +/- 6.08 cm, BMI 22.61 +/- 1.27 kg/m(2)) and 11 comprised the control group (age 21.3 +/- 2.21 years, height 175.8 +/- 5.52 cm, BMI 21.24 +/- 3.15 kg/m(2)).The athletes provided blood samples before exercise (BE) for troponin T (cTnT) and myoglobin (Mb) measurement. Consequently, muscle damage exercise protocol consisting of depth jump, and immediately after this, cold-water immersion at 15 degrees C was applied to experimental group for 10 minutes. The athletes provided blood samples after 2 (2h) and 24 (24h) hours from cold water immersion. Athletes in the control group underwent the same measurements except application of cold-water immersion. RESULTS: While there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the experimental and the control groups regarding troponin values, no significant difference was found for the myoglobin values (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, cTnT level, which is regarded as one of the most specific markers of cardiac injury, was found to be lower in the athletes who underwent cold water immersion. These results indicate that the recovery time may be shorter in athletes undergoing cold-water immersion.