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Öğe An evaluation of the use of alcohol fuels in SI engines in terms of performance, emission and combustion characteristics: A review(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Goktas, Meltem; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, Cenk; Canakci, MustafaVehicles powered by fossil-fuels cause to increase harmful gases in the environment and decrease petroleum reserves. To minimize these damages, many researchers submitted that one of the alternative fuels which could obtain desired performance and release minimum rates of exhaust emissions in spark-ignition (SI) engines is alcohol fuel, and they carried out many experimental studies. In this review study, experimental studies which indicate the changes in performance parameters, emissions such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), and combustion characteristics by using alcohol fuel in SI engines were investigated in detail and the increments and decrements in related parameters were indicated in separated tables. In addition, the graphs which indicate how much alteration obtained by using what kind of alcohol and what amount of alcohol in comparison with using gasoline were created.Öğe Determination of optimum parameters for esterification in high free fatty acid olive oil and ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Soyler, Huseyin; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkIn this study, biodiesel was produced from high free fatty acid (FFA) oil obtained from waste olives, whose food quality deteriorated by falling from the tree to the ground. The FFA value of the oil obtained from waste olives was determined as 23% by titration method. In order to produce biodiesel with high conversion efficiency, esterification process was carried out to reach at least 1% FFA value in the first stage of the study. Acid esterification experiments were designed according to Taguchi's L-16 (4(2) 2(1)) orthogonal array. The amount of sulfuric acid catalyst, methanol ratio, and mixing speed were taken as the test variables for the esterification process. For the lowest FFA value, optimum test parameters were determined using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. In the biodiesel production stage, ultrasound-assisted transesterification method was preferred in terms of high conversion efficiency and short reaction duration. According to the results, it was determined that the optimum reaction conditions in the esterification process were 25% by weight acid catalyst (according to the weight of the FFA in the oil), 22:1 methanol molar ratio in terms of fatty acids, and 400 rpm mixing speed. At these reaction conditions, the FFA of the oil was reduced from 23 to 0.608% in a single step. In the ultrasound-assisted process, Waste olive oil methyl ester (WOOME) conversion yield of 98.7% was achieved in a reaction time of 10 min. The fuel properties of WOOME (also called biodiesel) were determined to be within the EN 14214 standard. As a result, optimization was made to minimize the use of alcohol and catalyst in the acid esterification process. Also, time and energy savings were achieved in biodiesel production with ultrasound-assisted.Öğe Effect of compression ratio on the emission, performance and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine fueled with iso-butanol/gasoline blends(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2015) Sayin, Cenk; Balki, Mustafa KemalThe study focuses on the effect of CR (compression ratio) on the emission, performance and, combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine fueled with iso-butanol (10%, 30% and 50%) blended gasoline fuel. The tests were conducted for three different CRs (9:1,10:1 and 11:1) at 2600 rpm and wide-open throttle. The results indicate that the BSCF (brake specific fuel consumption), BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and the emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide) increased while UHC (unburned hydrocarbon) and CO (carbon monoxide) emissions decreased with the increase in the amount of iso-butanol in the fuel mixture at all CRs. The best results for BSFC, BTE, the emissions of CO and UHC were observed at increased the CR. Moreover, the ICP (in-cylinder pressure) generally increased with the increase in the amount of isobutanol in the fuel mixture and the ICP and HRR (heat release rate) rose earlier than those values in gasoline. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of a CRDI Engine Running on Biodiesel, n-Octanol and Nanoparticle Blended Nanofuel on Performance, Emissions and Combustion(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Demirtas, Guven; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkIn order to popularize the use of pure biodiesel (B100) in diesel engines, its fuel properties should be improved. For this purpose, biodiesel fuel properties are enhanced by n-octanol and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanoparticles. The effects of these fuels on performance, combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine were experimentally investigated. n-Octanol is added to biodiesel at a rate of 5%, and it is named B95O5. MWCNT is also added to B95O5 as 100 ppm, and the test fuel is specified as B95O5100MWCNT. The experiments are carried out with a CRDI diesel engine at four different loads (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. According to the results, all performance, emission and combustion parameters except BSFC are reduced compared to diesel (D100), with the use of B100, B95O5 and B95O5100MWCNT. With the addition of n-octanol to pure biodiesel, HC, CO2 and BTE increase on average by 9.10%, 2.12% and 1.62% for all loads, while NO, BSFC and engine power decrease by around 6.21%, 1.69% and 6.8%, respectively. In addition, with the addition of MWCNT to B95O5, HC, CO2, NO and BTE increased by 4.5%, 1.58%, 1.46% and 7.10% on average for all loads, respectively. Moreover, BSFC and engine power fell by around 6.27% and 2.04%, respectively. The addition of MWCNT has been found to improve overall performance and emissions, apart from the BSFC. In addition, it is observed that the maximum in-cylinder pressure and HRR improve with the use of n-octanol and MWCNT added fuel.Öğe Operational evaluation of thermal barrier coated diesel engine fueled with biodiesel/diesel blend by using MCDM method base on engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Aydin, Selman; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkIn this study, engine operating conditions which given the best result in terms of performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics in a thermal barrier coated (TBC) diesel engine, which was covered with ceramic on combustion chamber elements, were determined by multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. It was also included in the optimization of the data obtained from the uncoated (standard) engine (STD) in order to better evaluate the TBC engine. In the experimental study, diesel, pure biodiesel derived from cotton oil frying waste and biodiesel/diesel blend fuels (5, 20 and 50% by volume) were used as fuel. In optimization, operational competitiveness rating (OCRA) was preferred as a MCDM. The experimental data, which included a total of six hundred data, in TBC and STD engines fueled biodiesel and its blends were used in optimization. According to the optimization result, the best results in terms of engine performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics were generally obtained from the TBC engine. According to the optimization sequence, the ranking obtained from the TBC engine were observed to be ahead of the STD engine at all engine speeds. It was also found that the best results were concentrated at engine speeds of 1800 rpm and 2100 rpm. The best result was achieved by using B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel) in TBC engine at 1800 rpm. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics obtained under these optimum operating parameters (OOP) were also compared with those of the STD engine fueled with B0 and B100. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Optimization of the operating parameters based on Taguchi method in an SI engine used pure gasoline, ethanol and methanol(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, Cenk; Sarikaya, MuratIn this study, Taguchi's design of experiment method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied in order to find optimum operating parameters giving the best engine performance and exhaust emissions with a minimum number of the engine tests in a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with pure gasoline, ethanol and methanol. For this purpose, the test engine was operated under different compression ratio (CR), engine speed and ignition timing (IT). In addition, the engine performance and regular brake specific exhaust emission values obtained from an optimized engine were compared to those of the baseline engine. According to result, the optimum CR and engine speed value are found to be 9.0 and 2400 rpm for all fuels. While the optimum IT is also 20 degrees crank angle (CA) for alcohol fuels, it is 26 degrees CA in gasoline. As a result of verification experiment, optimization made by reducing (to about 89%) test number with help of Taguchi was achieved within 95% confidence interval. On the other hand, the engine performance and regular brake specific exhaust emission results obtained from optimized engines generally have improved when compared to those of the baseline engine. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Performance, emission and combustion characteristic assessment of biodiesels derived from beef bone marrow in a diesel generator(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Aydin, Selman; Sayin, CenkThis paper discusses the performance, exhaust emissions and combustion of a diesel generator fueled with two different biodiesels, and their blends. In the experiments, animal fat biodiesel (AFB) obtained from beef bone marrow, vegetable oil biodiesel (VOB) derived from safflower/canola oil mixture, and ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) were used as pure. In addition, 50% by volume of AFB was mixed with ULSD (AFB50), and 50% by volume of VOB was mixed with ULSD (VOB50). All engine tests were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm for three different diesel generator loads (3.6, 7.2, and 10.8 kW). According to the results, when the AFB and its blend were used as fuel in a diesel generator, it was determined that cylinder gas pressure (CP) and net heat release rate (HRR) values were higher, and raised earlier in all loads compared with VOB and ULSD. Moreover, the values of mean gas temperature (MGT) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) were increased with the use of AFB compared to other test fuels, whereas thermal efficiency (TE), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro carbon (HC) emission decreased in general. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was also higher than ULSD, but remained lower than VOB. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was found to show a similar change in all types of fuel. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Saf Metanolün Kullanıldığı Buji Ateşlemeli Bir Motorda Sıkıştırma Oranının Performans, Yanma Karakteristiği ve Emisyonlar Üzerine Etkisi(2015) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkEkosistem ve maliyet açısından benzine alternatif olabilecek yakıtların buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılması günümüzde oldukça önemli hale gelmiştir. İçinde bulunduğumuz bu durum, geliştirilen yeni teknolojiler ile birçok kaynaktan üretilebilen metanol gibi alternatif yakıtların kullanımının araştırılmasına neden olmuştur. Metanolün motorlarda daha verimli kullanılabilirliğini araştırmak için yapılan bu çalışmada, sıkıştırma oranının (SO) performans ve egzoz emisyonları üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Tek silindirli buji ateşlemeli bir motorun kullanıldığı deneylerde değişken olarak dört farklı sıkıştırma oranı (8,0:1, 8,5:1, 9,0:1 ve 9,5:1) tercih edilmiştir. Bütün motor deneyleri, tam yük, 2400 d/d sabit motor hızı ve 1,0 sabit hafa fazlalık katsayısında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneylerden elde edilen veriler ile motor performansı ve egzoz emisyon karakteristikleri çıkarılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar motorun orijinal çalışma parametrelerinde benzinden elde edilen verilerle kıyaslanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, saf metanol kullanımında, SOnun artması ile birlikte özgül enerji tüketimi (ÖET) ve özgül yakıt tüketiminin (ÖYT) azaldığı, ortalama efektif basınç (OEB) ve ısıl verimin (ISV) ise arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bütün SOlarda metanol kullanımının benzine göre OEByi, ÖYTyi, silindir gaz basıncını (SGB) ve ISVyi yükselttiği, ÖETyi ise düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, metanol kullanımının benzine kıyasla egzoz emisyonlarını bütün SOlarda genel olarak iyileştirdiği gözlemlenmiştir.Öğe The best fuel selection with hybrid multiple-criteria decision making approaches in a CI engine fueled with their blends and pure biodiesels produced from different sources(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Aydin, Selman; Sayin, CenkIn engine tests where the feasibility of alternative fuels is being investigated, the results of the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions should be considered as a whole. It is difficult to determine the optimal parameters due to a large number of results obtained in multi-variable experiments. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are preferred in solving such problems to energy management and energy efficiency. This paper deals with an application of a novel hybrid MCDM technique is suggested to select the optimum fuel for the compression ignition (CI). Five academicians who are an expert in the field of CI engines are selected to set criteria in the MCDM. Engine tests carried out at the constant engine speed and the resistive load of 10.8 kW in the generator-engine set. The results were used in the MCDM process. In this study, the hybrid models which are SWARA-MOORA, and ANP-MOORA has been preferred as the MCDM methods. The best fuel choice was made from fuels such as animal fat biodiesel (AFB), vegetable oil biodiesel (VOB), diesel fuel and the blend fuels. According to results, it was determined that the best fuel is VOB20 in both hybrid methods according to the determined criteria. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The determination of the best operating parameters for a small SI engine fueled with methanol gasoline blends(Elsevier, 2021) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Temur, Mustafa; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarikaya, Murat; Sayin, CenkIt is extremely important to ensure a clean and sustainable energy supply due to the decreasing fossil energy resources, their increasing costs and irreversible damages on the ecological balance. Considering this situation, this study focuses on the determination of the best operating parameters for a small spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with methanol/gasoline blend (M5, M10, M15 and M20). Moreover, operating conditions are optimized according to different weights between performance and emission. In the first stage of the study, engine tests were carried out at different loads (10 and 20 Nm) and compression ratios (CR) (7:1, 8:1 and 9:1) and the changes in engine performance and exhaust emissions were presented. In addition, these experimental results were used in optimization. According to the engine test results, performance and emissions of small SI engine were generally improved with increasing the methanol ratio in the blend fuels under all experimental conditions. When exhaust emissions were evaluated, it was observed that M20 was more favorable than gasoline if it was used in CR of 9:1 in a small SI engine. In the second stage of the study, the effect of experimental variables on the experimental results was statistically investigated with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of ANOVA analysis showed that all experimental variables were statistically significant for both engine performance and exhaust emissions. In the last stage of the study, the operating conditions of the engine were optimized according to eleven different weight ratios between performance and emissions, with a multi-criteria decision-making method based on grey relational analysis (GRA). According to the optimization results, the most suitable operating parameters were presented to the readers with regard to the desired weight ratio in engine performance and exhaust emission. The presented optimization model can be used for the design of electronic fuel systems for alternative fuel engines. Moreover, suitable engine parameters determined according to the selected weight ratio can also be adjusted structurally in the engine.Öğe The effect of compression ratio on the performance, emissions and combustion of an SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with pure ethanol, methanol and unleaded gasoline(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2014) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkIn this study, the effect of CR (compression ratio) on a SI (spark ignition) engine's characteristics of performance, combustion and emissions by using pure ethanol, methanol and unleaded gasoline were investigated experimentally. In the experiments, an SI engine having a CR of 8.5:1, having a single cylinder and air-cooled was used. These tests were conducted on four different CRs of 8.0:1, 8.5:1,9.0:1 and 9.5:1 with a wide-open throttle, original ignition timing and at 2400 rpm. The test results obtained from the three fuel types were compared to each other. The results were shown that the BMEP (brake mean effective pressure), CGP (cylinder gas pressure), BTE (brake thermal efficiency), and BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) obtained with the use of ethanol and methanol at all CRs were generally increased when they were compared to those of pure gasoline. In general, pure ethanol and methanol provided a lower exhaust emission compared to gasoline's emissions at all CRs. Furthermore, with an increasing CR, the CGP generally increased with the usage of pure ethanol and methanol as compared to unleaded gasoline's study and the CGP and HRR(heat release rate) rose earlier than those values in unleaded gasoline. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The effect of different alcohol fuels on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, Cenk; Canakci, MustafaIn this experimental study, the effect of alcohol (ethanol and methanol) use on the performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of a low power single-cylinder engine described the rated power output of the engine e. g. 2 kW were investigated and the results were compared with conventional gasoline operation. The tests were performed at full-throttle valve opening and variable engine speeds. The results show that the use of alcohol fuels increased the engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), thermal efficiency and combustion efficiency. In addition, the cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate occurred earlier; carbon dioxide (CO2) emission increased while hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions decreased. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The effect on the knock intensity of high viscosity biodiesel use in a DI diesel engine(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkIn this study, the effect of usage of biodiesel fuel with higher viscosity on the engine knock intensity was investigated. The animal biodiesel (AB) and the vegetable biodiesel (VB) were used as fuel in the study. It was seen that the AB had a high viscosity, while the viscosity of VB is within the limits determined by the standards (EN 14214 and ASTM D6751). In the engine tests carried out at constant engine speed and high load, ringing intensity (RI) and knock intensity values were found with in-cylinder pressure data obtained from three fuel types. In addition, the in-cylinder gas pressure, heat release rate and cumulative heat release curves for the three fuel types are presented. According to the results, the effects of high viscosity biodiesel usage on these values were found to be limited. It was also observed that the RI was lower than that of D2 and higher than that of VB.Öğe The impact of injection timing and pressure on a CRDI engine's combustion characteristics(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Söyler, Hüseyin; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, CenkIn this study, in which diesel (B0), pure biodiesel (B100) and diesel/biodiesel mixtures in four different ratios (B20, B40, B60, B80) are used as fuel, the effects of injection pressure and injection timing on a common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine were investigated. A single-cylinder CRDI engine with a volume of 1.12 litters was used for the engine tests. Combustion characteristics of the CRDI engine such as IMEP, combustion sound, cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate (HRR) were investigated with the experiments carried out at four different engine loads and at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. It was found that IMEP raised as the injection pressure increased. The highest increase was observed at 75% engine load and injection pressure of +200 bar. The IMEP values of B0, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 fuels were measured as 11.01, 10.13, 10.88, 10.34, 10.11 and 9.86 bar, respectively. The combustion noise values of B0, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 fuels at 75% engine load and at the original injection time were 93.73, 92.49, 91.63, 91.01, 92.82 and 92.27 dB. All fuels' combustion noise levels rose as a result of the shorter injection timing. A similar situation was observed when the injection pressure was reduced. The combustion noise generally decreased as injection timing and pressure were increased. Ignition delay values of B0, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 fuels at 50% engine load and STD injection timing were found to be 7.5, 6.5, 6, 5.5, 5 and 5.5 CA, respectively. However, increasing the injection timing decreased the ignition delay value for all fuels. Decreasing the injection pressure resulted in an increase of ignition delay for all fuels. © 2024 The AuthorsÖğe The optimization of engine operating parameters via SWARA and ARAS hybrid method in a small SI engine using alternative fuels(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Erdogan, Sinan; Aydin, Selman; Sayin, CenkIn most countries, mandatory emission norms have been established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the production and use of diesel engines with high emissions have been prohibited in some countries. For this reason, spark ignition (SI) engines have become important. Research on the use of renewable energy sources and the development of energy-efficient engines is increasing in terms of sustainability. It is known that alcohol fuels with high knock resistance than gasoline generate higher engine efficiency under different engine operating conditions. In this study, it is determined that the optimum operating parameters of an SI engine fueled with pure ethanol and methanol as an alternative fuel in terms of performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The engine tests were used an air-cooled and single-cylinder small SI engine. The engine has been set to three different ignition timing/advance (IT), compression ratio (CR) and air excess coefficient (AEC), and tested in varied combinations. In a total of eighty-one different test conditions, the engine was operated at the full-throttle opening and at engine speed at 2400 rpm with test fuels, and then performance emission and combustion data were obtained. The optimal operating parameters are determined with a multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM) using a total of seven hundred twenty-nine experimental data. For this purpose, SWARA-ARAS (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis-Additive Ratio Assessment) hybrid method is preferred. According to the results, the optimum working parameters were found to be 9.0:1 of CR, 1.1 of AEC, and 20 degrees crankshaft angle (CA) of IT in the use of pure methanol fuel. In addition, the top ten rankings entering the operating parameters are presented in the article. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
