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    Comparison of fatty acids and some mineral matter profiles of wild and farmed snails, Cornu aspersum Muller, 1774
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Celik, Meryem Yesim; Duman, Mehmet Bedrettin; Sariipek, Merve; Goren, Gulsen Uzun; Ozturk, Dilara Kaya; Kocatepe, Demet; Karayucel, Sedat
    The fatty acid and mineral matter compositions of the visceral mass and pedal mass of wild and farmed Cornu aspersum were compared. The relative fatty acid amounts of the visceral and pedal masses of wild and farmed snails are: polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) > saturated fatty acid (SFA) > monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), PUFA>SFA>MUFA, MUFA>PUFA>SFA and PUFA>MUFA>SFA, respectively. Wild snails had a higher concentration of iron and zinc than farmed snails. Selenium was 2.82 times higher in the pedal mass of farmed snails than the pedal mass of wild snails. Ca:P ratios in the visceral mass of wild snails, visceral mass and pedal mass of farmed snails were 1.76:1, 1.12:1 and 3.87:1 respectively. Both wild and farmed snails have high contents of oleic, linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids and are a good source of minerals. Careful attention should be paid, however, as to which diet will be used during farming because the composition of fatty acid in the snail is affected by diet.
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    Comparison of Proximate and Amino Acid Composition between Farmed and Wild Land Snails (Cornu aspersum Muller, 1774)
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Celik, Meryem Yesim; Duman, Mehmet Bedrettin; Sariipek, Merve; Goren, Gulsen Uzun; Ozturk, Dilara Kaya; Kocatepe, Demet; Karayucel, Sedat
    The proximate and amino acid compositions of the visceral mass and pedal mass of wild and farmed land snail Cornu aspersum were compared. The lipid in all body parts of farmed snail was significantly higher than all body parts of wild snail. The ash content of wild snail pedal mass was higher than all body parts of farmed snails. The dominant amino acid was glutamic acid (Glu), while the highest values of essential amino acids were leucine (Leu) and arginine (Arg) in all body parts of all snails. Sulfur amino acid was the lowest value in C. aspersum, which indicated that methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) could have been the first limiting amino acids. The study results showed that the protein efficiency rate (PER) of C. aspersum is close to PER of egg, which indicates a high protein quality and high biological value of land snails. The study also demonstrated that the experimental diet had good acceptability and well-balanced essential amino acid content, meaning that the farmed snails could have almost the same protein characterization as wild snails. Thus, all body parts of both wild and farmed C. aspersum have high protein quality.
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    Determination of growth and survival rate of juvenile snail Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Helicidae)
    (BIOFLUX SRL, 2015) Çelik, M. Yeşim; Duman, Mehmet Bedrettin; Sariipek, Merve; Uzun, Gülşen; Karayücel, Sedat
    In this research, the growth and survival rate of juvenile Helix lucorum was determined during the eight weeks. Coefficient variation (CV) in assessing variability of shell height and live weigth was investigated. One week old juvenile snails with a mean shell height of 6.73±0.03 mm and a mean weight of 0.10±0.01 g were stocked to the three rearing boxes with a density of 13 snails per group at the start of the experiment. At the beginning of the study, the variability of shell height and live weight showed relatively little difference as 9.71% and 28.16% but this gradually increased towards the end of the study. The final variation of shell height and live weight was calculated 20.32% and 59.84%, respectively. At the end of the study, cumulative survival rate was found 97.74%. In conclusion, snails showed high survival rate with high size variation in the study. Initial stocking density is optimal for rearing juvenile H. lucorum but after four weeks, stocking density should be decreased and thereby lower size variation and more similar growth pattern might be provided. © 2015, BIOFLUX SRL. All rights reserved.
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    DHA enrichment of the red earthworm Eisenia fetida for improving its potential as dietary source for aquaculture
    (Elsevier, 2018) Kumlu, Metin; Beksari, Asuman; Eroldogan, O. Tufan; Yilmaz, H. Asuman; Sariipek, Merve; Kinay, Enes; Turchini, Giovanni M.
    This study aimed at assessing the potential of omega-3 fatty acids enrichment in the red earthworm Eisenia fetida. Specifically, the investigation focused on the effects of a commercial enrichment emulsion (ES) supplied at graded doses (0, 10, 25 and 50 g ES/100 g of compost) and at different enrichment times (0, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h) on the resulting fatty acids composition of red earthworm reared with or without additional bedding materials. In the first experiment (bed-free technique), inclusion of ES, in the highest tested dose (50 g/100 g compost), exerted stress on the earthworms resulting in high mortality, while the use of bedding in the second experiment led to safer but slightly reduced enrichment. Dominant fatty acids in earthworms were found to be PUFA (51.08-53.04 mol%), followed by MUFA (25.95-26.90 mol%) and SFA (21.16-22 mol%). Non-enriched earthworms contained some of the PUFA, important for cultured marine species, including 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 (EPA), whereas in contrast, 22:6n-3 (DHA) is very low. Overall the results of this study have, for the first time, showed that LC-PUFA, and especially DHA, contents of E. fetida can be enriched to levels much higher than those of the control (non-enriched) groups. In bed-free technique, DHA accumulation in the worms increased from 0.31 mol% (0 h) to 14.38-14.63 mol% at 12 h, 9.65-9.81 mol% at 24 h, 10.65-15.41 mol% at 48 h and finally 15.81-18.31 mol% at 96 h. In the bedding technique, DHA also rose from the base level to 5.27-5.97 mol% at 12 h, 5.25-8.60 mol% at 24 h, 11.06-13.01 mol% at 48 h and finally 14.05-17.14 mol% at 96 h. In the bedding technique, DHA increased linearly for up to 9.6 fold, while this increase was fluctuating in the bed-free technique, reaching 8.7 fold over the non-enriched controls. Throughout the experiments, n-3/n-6 ratios rose from 1.35-1.56 in the controls to 3.38-3.72 in the enriched-groups. As a result, 12-h enrichment time is suggested to be suitable for a fast boosting of DHA in the earthworms with bed-free technique, while a longer period of up to 96 h is recommended with bedding technique at optimal dose of 25 g ES inclusion into 100 g compost. The present study showed that earthworm (E.fetida) can be successfully enriched in its DHA content; making it a novel and easily producible feed resource, particularly as broodstock feed, in aquatic hatcheries.
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    Effect of restricted feeding on the growth and body composition of European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)
    (Central Marine Fisheries Research Inst, 2016) Baki, Birol; Ozturk, Dilara Kaya; Sariipek, Merve; Kerim, Murat; Eyuboglu, Bora
    The aim of this study was to determine the effects of restricted feeding on the growth and body composition in juvenile European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax, (Linnaeus, 1758). Four different feeding regimes were tested in fishes having average weight of 6.57 +/- 0.09 g. The three treatment groups were fed three times a day adopting three different regimes: 6 days feeding/1 day starvation (6F/1S), 5 days feeding/2 days starvation (5F/2S) and 4 days feeding/3 days starvation (4F/3S) for a period of 60 days. Control group (C) was fed daily three times a day. At the end of the study the average weights were 31.21 +/- 1.39 g (C), 36.47 +/- 1.33 g (6F/1S), 29.01 +/- 1.01 g (5F/2S) and 24.21 +/- 0.82 g (4F/3S) respectively (p<0.05). SGR were 2.54 +/- 0.17 (C), 2.64 +/- 0.20 (6F/1S), 2.37 +/- 0.06 (5F/2S) and 2.10 +/- 0.09 (4F/3S) (p<0.05) and FCR values recorded were 1.29 +/- 0.05 (C), 1.12 +/- 0.01 (6F/1S), 1.21 +/- 0.01 (5F/2S) and 1.24 +/- 0.01 (4F/3S). Crude protein and lipid values in restricted feeding groups were higher than those of the control group (p<0.05) while SFA and MUFA values increased with starvation period while DHA, EPA, PUFA and Omega-3 values decreased with starvation period (p<0.05). Results of the study clearly showed that restricted feeding had effect on the growth parameters, biochemical composition and fatty acid compositions in European seabass.
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    Egg- and seashell waste as a calcium source in snail (Cornu aspersum Müller, 1774) feed: I. Growth, mineral distribution in meat, shell and faeces, and environmental effects
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Celik, M. Yesim; Dernekbasi, Seval; Sariipek, Merve
    This study evaluates the effect of diets containing three different sources of calcium (limestone, eggshell, and seashell) on the mineral composition of meat, shell, and faeces and their effect on shell structure and growth of Cornu aspersum. The diets were designated by the calcium source in their diets: chicken eggshell with its membrane (EG), seashell (SS), and limestone (LM). The results showed that the calcium content and mineral concentrations in the diet groups varied significantly depending on the calcium sources. The calcium sources influence the growth and excretion of minerals in the flesh, shell and faeces of the snails. The EG-feed had higher phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) levels than SS-feed and LM-feed. At the end of the experiment, the EG-group had grown larger than the other groups. The SS-group showed the lowest growth rate due to the high concentration of non-nutrient elements. Considering environmental implications, the lowest level of phosphorus, potassium and harmful heavy metals was found in the faeces of the EG group and the maximum amount in the SS group. In summary, the study shows that using eggshells offers a dual environmental benefit by recycling waste eggshells and releasing less P and K into the environment.
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    Growth and Mortality Rates of Cornu aspersum: Organic Snail Culture System, Black Sea Region
    (Galenos Publ House, 2019) Celik, Meryem Yesim; Duman, Mehmet Bedrettin; Sariipek, Merve; Uzun Goren, Gulsen; Kaya Ozturk, Dilara; Karayucel, Sedat
    The study was aimed to examine a snail organic culture system and describe the cultivation properties of Cornu aspersum. The environmental parameters of the culture system and their effects on the growth and mortality rates of C. aspersum were determined between November 2014-October 2015. Snails were fed Spinacia sp. (spinach), Urtica sp. (nettles), Brassica oleracea sp (cabbage) and formulated diet. The feeding and growth rates increased with increasing temperature. Shell height growth rate was the highest in spring while the live weight growth rate was the highest in summer. Mortality rate of the baby snail was higher between November 2014 and May 2015 due to stress conditions such as handling and varying temperatures during their first stages of life. High mortality observed in adults could be associated with the spawning activity of the matured snails that caused physiological exhaustion. The result showed that the best culture cycle for C. aspersum was from spring to autumn in Black Sea region and in order to prevent postreproductive mortality, snails reached to marketable size should be harvested.
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    n-3 LC-PUFA Enrichment Protocol for Red Earthworm, Eisenia fetida: A Cheap and Sustainable Method
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2021) Kumlu, Metin; Beksari, Asuman; Yilmaz, Hatice Asuman; Sariipek, Merve; Kinay, Enes; Turchini, Giovanni M.; Eroldogan, Orhan Tufan
    This study assessed the potential of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) enrichment in red earthworm (Eisenia fetida, REW), via the addition of fish oil (FO, anchovy oil) to the culture-compost. FO addition to compost was tested at graded inclusion doses (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/100 g compost) and for different time-periods, up to 96 h. Dose, time, as well as dose and time interactions of FO compost enrichment had significant effects on all fatty acids of earthworm bodies. The enrichment with 10 g FO/100 g compost sharply increased DHA levels of the worms (14.01 mol%) within just 24 h, compared to the control group (0.92 mol%). Similar increases (ranging between 10.99 and 15.55 mol%) occurred only after 48 and 96 h in lower FO enrichment levels (2.5 and 5.0 g/100 g compost, respectively). Therefore, it was concluded that, to obtain maximum n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment efficiency in REW, an enrichment period of 24 h is ideal and recommended for the 10 g FO/100 g compost, whereas longer enrichment periods (48-96 h) are more suitable for lower levels of FO inclusions (2.5 or 5 g/100 g compost).
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    Response of Fatty Acid Composition of the Green Tiger Shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus During the Overwintering Period
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2019) Kumlu, Metin; Kinay, Enes; Yilmaz, Hatice Asuman; Beksari, Asuman; Eroldogan, Orhan Tufan; Sariipek, Merve
    Response of proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in relation to changing water temperatures during over wintering (for 8-weeks at 11-16 degrees C) and then refeeding periods (at 28 degrees C for a further 2-weeks) was investigated in this study. The shrimps did not appear to need to catabolise their either body proteins or lipids during the overwintering period, as the feeding was not ceased completely. While muscle protein, ash and dry matter compositions of the shrimps did not change by changing temperature, lipid increased from 1% during the overwintering period to 1.2% during the recovery period (P<0.01). Saturated FAs (SFA), mono-unsaturated FAs (MUFA), and partially poly-unsaturated FAs (n-6 PUFA) declined, on the contrary, n-3 PUFA significantly rose in the muscle and hepatopacreas during the cold exposure. Shrimps tended to consume especially SFA and, to a lesser degree, MUFA under sub-optimal conditions (P<0.01). PUFA and LC-PUFA appeared to be selectively retained or even elevated in the shrimp muscle during the cold season. Over wintering strategy might generate additional benefit for a heathier food supply for human nutrition, as shrimps can be enriched for LC-PUFA, by simply keeping them under cold water temperatures (10-15 degrees C) during overwintering period, with minimal cost of feeding.
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    The reproductive response of Cornu aspersum to different hibernation conditions
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Celik, M. Yesim; Dernekbasi, Seval; Sariipek, Merve; Karayucel, Sedat
    This study was conducted between February and May 2019 on mature Cornu aspersum in the Black Sea region, Turkey to investigate the effects of different hibernation situations on reproductive responses. Three snail groups were studied: NH (natural hibernation), ASH (artificial short hibernation) and ALH (artificial long hibernation). NH showed inactive behaviour and had no reproductive activity while ASH and ALH performed intensive reproduction. During the experiment, the mean spawning rate (SpR), egg number (EgN), hatching rate (HR) and offspring number (OfN) were 20.50 +/- 1.69%, 100.10 +/- 5.22, 85.63 +/- 2.36 and 80.69 +/- 5.44 in the ASH group; 23.43 +/- 3.36%, 122.33 +/- 7.62, 61.55 +/- 10.76 and 70.26 +/- 11.60 in the ALH group, respectively. In conclusion, the high temperatures in the winter months of 2019 may have caused NH snails to become reproductively inactive, or it could simply be a consequence of their life-history strategy. Snails in the ASH and ALH groups represented a resource allocation trade-off between fecundity and survival to carry the genetic information to the next generation. This study leads to a better understanding of land snail reproductive physiology and behavioural responses to different hibernation conditions.
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    Thermal acclimation capacity and standard metabolism of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) at different temperature and salinity combinations
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Kir, Mehmet; Sunar, Murat Can; Topuz, Mustafa; Sariipek, Merve
    In aquatic environments, rising temperatures reduce the oxygen content of the water while increasing the oxygen demand of organisms. In intensive shrimp culture, it is of great importance to know the thermal tolerance of cultured species and their oxygen consumption since this affects the physiological condition. In this study, the thermal tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei was determined by dynamic and static thermal methodologies at different acclimation temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C) and salinities (10, 20, and 30 ppt). The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was also measured to determine the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of shrimp. Accli-mation temperature significantly affected the thermal tolerance and SMR of Litopenaeus vannamei (P < 0.01). Salinity had a large effect on SMR (P < 0.01) but did not influence the thermal acclimation of the shrimp (P > 0.01). Litopenaeus vannamei is a species that has high thermal tolerance and can survive at extreme temperatures (CTmin-CTmax: 7.2-41.9 degrees C) with its large dynamic (988, 992, and 1004 degrees C2) and static thermal polygon areas (748, 778 and 777 degrees C2) developed at the above temperature and salinity combinations and resistance zone (1001, 81 and 82 degrees C2). The optimal temperature range of Litopenaeus vannamei is the 25-30 degrees C range, where a decrease in standard metabolism is determined with increasing temperature. Given the SMR and optimal temperature range, the results of this study indicate that Litopenaeus vannamei should be cultured at 25-30 degrees C for effective production.