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Öğe Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Water and Sediments and Polychaetes in Sinop Shores of the Black Sea(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2019) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, AysahIn this study four Polychaetes species namely Capitella capitata, Nereis zonata, Platynereis dumerilii and Perinereis cultrifera were selected to evaluate metal pollution in Karakum shores of Sinop Peninsula in the southern Black Sea. The Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn amounts in water, sediment as well as their existence in Polychaetes were studied to appraise the anthropogenic impact on their environment. Metals concentrations in water were found in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg, whereas the order of abundance of these metals in sediments were as follow Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg >Cd. There were no differences in heavy metal levels in sediment between seasons. The concentration of metals analysed in the Polychaete species showed same pattern. Zn showed the highest concentration in all species followed by Cu. The results showed that the heavy metal levels in C. capitata were much higher than those in N. zonata, P. dumerilii and P. cultrifera.Öğe Composition, abundance and biomass of mesozooplankton in the southwestern Black Sea along the coast of neada, Turkey(Springer, 2019) Ustun, Funda; Bat, Levent; Sahin, FatihThe qualitative and quantitative structure of mesozooplankton assemblages in the southwestern Black Sea region along the coast of neada, Krklareli Province were assessed and described. The study was conducted on 22 November 2012, 17 May 2013, 13 July 2013 and 4 October 2013. Samples were collected from nine stations using a plankton net via vertical boat hauls. In total, 30mesozooplankton taxa were identified. The mean mesozooplankton abundance values ranged from 3890.84 +/- 2250.04 to 13643.40 +/- 1660.55 individuals (ind.) m(-3), whereas the biomass values ranged from 26.91 +/- 5.4 to 95.76 +/- 29.31mgm(-3). The most abundant taxa were Oithona davisae (2871.20 +/- 436.24 ind. m(-3) in November 2012 and 1310.83 +/- 157.222 ind. m(-3) in October 2013), Copepoda nauplii (4007.08 +/- 3513.07 ind. m(-3) in May 2013) and Bivalvia larvae (11118.41 +/- 4798.74 ind. m(-3) in July 2013). The taxa with the highest biomass were Parasagitta setosa (7.43 +/- 2.32mgm(-3) in November 2012 and 33.52 +/- 9.45mgm(-3) in October 2013), Polychaeta larvae (20.87 +/- 9.63mgm(-3) in May 2013) and Bivalvia larvae (55.59 +/- 23.99mgm(-3) in July 2013). Abundance and biomass of the species/groups of mesozooplankton are presented as mean +/- standard error of the mean (SEM). There were no significant differences among the seasons and stations for either total abundance or biomass; however, there was a significant monthly variation in the mesozooplankton assemblages. Changes in the abundance and biomass of mesozooplankton were dependent on the physical environment.Öğe Comprehensive risk assessment of metals in surface sediments of the Southern Black Sea coastal and transition waters(Elsevier, 2024) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, Aysah; Ozsandikci, Ugur; Ozkan, Ebru YesimThis study was carried out to determine metal levels accumulated in the sediments collected from the transitional and coastal waters of the southern Black Sea. Samples were taken from 32 stations in May and September 2018. The concentrations of elements were measured by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICPMS). Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo -accumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Contamination Factor (C f ), and Modified Degree of Contamination (mC d ) were applied to the data for assessing the sediment quality. Associations between the variables were also revealed by factor analysis. Igeo of metals are obtained in coastal sediments only when Hg in May and Cr in September are classified as moderately polluted. PLIs exceeded one at stations in the industrial zone, indicating getting worse. It is necessary to prevent pollution from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources and to control agricultural lands.Öğe Ecological and Phytogeographical Status and Species Composition of the Phytoplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Sahin, Fatih; Bat, Levent; Ediger, Dilek; Al-Najjar, TariqOne hundred and seven samples were collected from sea surface from 5 stations along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. 188 species were identified under six phytoplankton classes. Dinoflagellates dominate sixty percent of the total species. Diatoms constituted 38% and other groups represented by 2%. The geographical distribution of the identified species, 37% cosmopolitan, 28% boreal-tropical, 17% tropical, 11% tropical-subtropical, 4% boreal, 2% arcto-boreal and% 1 was determined as subtropical. According to ecological distribution, 88% of the species are marine and 12% marine-brackish origin. Also, 80% of the species are of pelagic origin, and 20% are benthic origin species. The phytoplankton species composition, phytogeographic and ecological distribution and species origins were presented from 2007 through 2008.Öğe EFFECTS OF SOME HEAVY METALS ON THE SIZES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN MUSSEL Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2013) Bat, Levent; Ustun, Funda; Baki, Oylum Gokkurt; Sahin, FatihIn the present study, several experiments were designed to evaluate the acute (96-h) and chronic (28-d) toxicity of copper, lead and zinc in seawater on the survival of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The toxicity of these metals to mussels was evaluated by static and semistatic bioassays, calculating the LC50 values (lethality concentrations for 50%) for different sizes of mussels. Survival decreased with increasing concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn but the survival in seawater with dissolved Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in the presence of sediment than without sediment.Öğe Farmed Turkish salmon: Toxic metals and health threat(Kemerovo State Univ, 2021) Bat, Levent; Arici, Elif; Oztekin, Aysah; Sahin, FatihIntroduction. Toxic metals in fish, even at low levels, have negative consequences for human health. Even essential metals pose a health threat if consumed in certain quantities. Mercury, cadmium, and lead are the most frequent metals containing in fish. The research objective was to inspect the quality of aquaculture fish found in most major grocery chains across Turkey. Study objects and methods. The present research featured the quantities of Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Hg, and Cd in Turkish salmon. The sampling took place between February and June 2019. The cumulative carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for consumers was evaluated based on trace element levels in a prospective health risk assessment using the U.S. EPA model of lifetime exposure. Results and discussion. Fe proved to be the most abundant clement in fish fillets, followed by Zn and Cu. Other elements appeared to be far below the permissible values, namely Al <= 0.5, Cd <= 0.02, Pb, and Hg <= 0.05. All the trace elements detected in Turkish salmon were below the reference dose values. The percent contribution to total risk by Fe, Cu, and Zn were 34.20, 24.80, and 41.01%, respectively. The hazard index was <= 1. The contamination of aquaculture fish fillet proved insignificant, and the carcinogenic risk was entirely negligible. Conclusion. The research revealed no hazardous trace elements, and their cumulative effects were not indicated in the hazardous index.Öğe Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from the southern Black Sea(Kemerovo State Univ, 2020) Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, Elif; Sahin, FatihIntroduction. The coastal contamination of the Black Sea has been an important issue for several decades. Heavy metals are the most harmful contaminants which affect people health. The research objective of the present study was to determine the amounts of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn found in the whiting (M. merlangus L.) and the red mullet (M. barbatus L.). These Black Sea bottom fish species have the highest commercial value. The obtained data were used to assess the risk which the fish represents for human consumers. Study objects and methods. The elements were detected using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The amounts of the metals arranged in the following order Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd. Results and discussion. The mean values of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the edible tissues were 0.013, 0.024, 0.07, 0.195, and 9.05 mg/kg wet wt. for whiting and 0.017, 0.036, 0.05, 0.29, and 6.4 mg/kg wet wt. for red mullet, respectively. These levels proved lower than the permitted values set by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of the UK (MAFF), Turkish Food Codex (TFC), and EU Commission Regulation. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for all the elements via consumption of whiting and red mullet were also low. Conclusion. Hazard index (HI) was < 1, which means that the fish caused no health problems in people who consumed whiting and red mullet caught in the southern Black Sea during the fishing seasons of 2017-2018. The carcinogenic risk index (CRT) for whiting and red mullet was also considered insignificant.Öğe HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF AQUATIC RESOURCES FROM TURKISH BLACK SEA WATERS(Scibulcom Ltd, 2018) Bat, Levent; Sezgin, Murat; Sahin, FatihIn the present study, non-essential and essential metals in muscle, liver and gill of Belone belone euxini Gunther, 1866 and in edible tissues of three commercial caridean shrimp and prawns species namely Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758), Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 and Paleomon serratus (Pennant, 1777) from the Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea were analysed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to the results, liver and gill tissues had more metal levels than those in muscle tissues of garfish. Hg and Cd in the all tissues of garfish were below the detection limits. Hg was not detected in the edible part of all shrimp and prawns species. In general the metal levels in the caridean shrimp species and the edible tissues of garfish were below the Turkish Food Codex, Commission Regulation (EC) and MAFF allowable limits for human consumption. Results of estimated daily and weekly intakes showed that these metals did not pose any risk of public health.Öğe Metal Bioaccumulation of Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) Collected from Sinop Coast in the Southern Black Sea(Istanbul University Press, 2019) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, AysahObjective: Metal bioaccumulation of the bivalve Mytilaster lineatus, based on different seasons and stations was investigated in Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea. Soft tissues of mussels from Gazibey Rock and Icliman were taken during the spring and the summer of the year 2016 and were analyzed for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. Materials and Methods: The soft tissues of the mussels digested with SuprapurR HNO3 (nitric acid) using a Milestone Systems, Start D 260 microwave digestion system. The accuracy and precision of the method was verified by the simultaneous analysis of the certified reference materials NIST 2976 (mussel tissue) for the samples. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Agilent Technologies, 7700x was used for metal analyses. Results: Results showed that higher concentrations of almost all metals in Icliman than those in Gazibey Rock. However, no significant differences were detected between seasons except for both Cu and Zn. The metal amounts of M. lineatus ranged between 0.024-0.035, 0.054-0.072, 0.13-0.25, 0.64-0.85 and 6-20 mg kg-1 wet wt. for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, respectively. Conclusion: The measured metals in both sampling areas did not exceed the threshold set by the European Commission and Turkish Food Codex. The results of this study also confirmed the potential of M. lineatus to be used as bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution. © European Journal of Biology. All rights reserved.Öğe Metals in Wild and Cultured Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) from Fish Markets in Sinop: Consumer's Health Risk Assessment(Springernature, 2022) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Bhuyan, Md Simul; Arici, Elif; Oztekin, AysahConcentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn were determined in the muscles of wild and farmed European seabass in Sinop markets between September and December in 2020, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion. In the study, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu) were found higher than the other metals both in wild and cultured Dicentrarchus labrax. These are essential elements, but excess amounts act as a poison. Arsenic (As) concentration was higher than cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) both in wild and cultured D. labrax. The estimated maximum total dietary intakes of these eight metals from both wild and farmed European seabass were below the maximum acceptable daily intake values set by the Turkish Food Codex and European Union Regulation. Results showed that according to metal amounts, consumption of D. labrax had no threat to consumers' health. The target hazard quotient (THQ) revealed that harmful health impacts may not occur. Furthermore, risk index (RI) indicated that there may have a lower risk of developing cancer in the future who have been exposed to Pb and As through fish intake. Although the fish are not overly contaminated, the metal level is rising. Increased amounts of heavy metals in fish in different areas could be due to an increase in farm inflow water, domestic sewage, and a number of other anthropogenic sources, all of which should be looked into further. Precautions should be made to safeguard this fish from metal contamination and to reduce the risk to human health.Öğe PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE BLACK SEA(Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2017) Feyzioglu, Ali Muzaffer; Sahin, Fatih[No abstract available]Öğe Population dynamics and ecology of the invasive veined rapa whelk, Rapana venosa in the southern Black Sea(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Mutlu, Erhan; Kideys, Ahmet E.; Sahin, Fatih; Erik, Gokhan; Aksu, Hakan; Erdem, Ercan; Karayucel, SedatSpatial and temporal changes in some ecological characteristics (i.e. biomass, abundance, morphometrics, sex composition, growth parameters and population dynamics) of the invasive veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) were studied off Sinop Bay, in the southern Black Sea. The whelk specimens were sampled from three depths (15 m, 25 m and 35 m) at monthly intervals between November 2005 and October 2007. Custom-made pots were deployed for the capture of R. venosa individuals. Monthly distributions in whelk biomass and abundance peaked in summer (June/July) and mid-autumn (October) and displayed no differences between 2006 and 2007. With the exception of gut weight, all morphometric variables produced three peak periods (January, June and September, respectively) over one year. Densities, morphometrics and sex composition were dictated significantly by bottom depth and monthly variation. Two stages were defined in the ovary and testis index maxima denoting longer spawning and recruitments periods starting as early as in March which is a different finding compared to previous studies from the Black Sea. For the estimation of population growth parameters, of the five morphometric variables analysed, siphon width was the best variable to produce clear size cohorts. Whelk growth in terms of shell length and width oscillated seasonally and ceased during February-March. Maximum age of the veined rapa whelk in the southern Black Sea was determined as 3.5 years corresponding to 7 cohorts. Among the environmental parameters, dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity appeared to affect whelk densities. Results obtained here are important for better management of the whelk fishery in the Black Sea.Öğe Structure and Dynamics of Phytoplankton Populations in the Black Sea from 2014 to 2017(Natl Centre Marine Research, 2024) Sahin, FatihThis study investigated the seasonal variations in phytoplankton communities along the Turkish Black Sea coast (2014-2017). Analyzing data from 20 stations revealed high biodiversity (175 species across 14 classes). Phytoplankton abundance showed distinct seasonality, with a peak in summer (2017, 96.6%) and lows in winter, characterized by dinoflagellate dominance. In terms of biomass, diatoms dominated in half of the sampling seasons, while dinoflagellates dominated in the other half at the surface during the study period. The dominance of dinoflagellates corresponded to the winters and summers of 2015 and 2016. The winter conditions of 2015 were harsh. The surface water community composition sometimes varied from that of the water column. Importantly, 44 potentially toxic species were identified, comprising 25% of the community and significantly contributing to both abundance (73.2-98.6%) and biomass (64-90.2%) throughout the year. These results highlight the unique structure of the Black Sea phytoplankton community, characterized by seasonal dominance of diatoms and a significant presence of potentially toxic species. Season, year, and water depth significantly influenced the phytoplankton assemblages. Water temperature was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen and nitrogen-based nutrients.Öğe The qualitative and quantitative distribution in phytoplankton and zooplankton of southern Black Sea of cape Sinop, Turkey in 1999-2000(Ieee, 2007) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Ustun, Funda; Kideys, Ahmet E.; Satilmis, Hasan H.In the present study, seasonality and composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton were comparatively studied at two stations (one inshore and one offshore) off Sinop, in southern Black Sea during January-May 1999 and March -October 2000. A total 76 genera including 149 species and varieties were identified, of which 46% were dinoflagellates and 34% were diatoms in phytoplankton. Abundance of the genera Emiliana (in January-May 1999), Pseudosolenia and Ceratium (in March-October 2000) were higher than that of the other genera in almost every sampling period. Increased dinoflagellate to diatom ratio reflects more fertile conditions in the southern Black Sea. Abundance and biomass of the total fodder zooplankton the highest values were recorded in February 1999; March 2000. Cladocera and Appendicularia abundance and biomass values were higher in 1999 than 2000. Noctiluca scintillans was the most abundant of zooplankton group with a share of 43% (maximum: 416,925 ind.m(-2) in May) in 1999. The second abundant group was Copepoda with 42% (172,981 ind.m(-2) in February).Copepods with 78% of abundance and 73% of biomass (maximum: 372,330 ind.m(-2) and 15,253 mg.m(-2) in March) were the dominant group in 2000. They were followed by the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans with 4.8% (maximum: 24,500 ind.m(-2) in June).Öğe Toxic Metals in Seven Commercial Fish from the Southern Black Sea: Toxic Risk Assessment of Eleven-Year Data Between 2009 and 2019(Springernature, 2022) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, ElifConcentrations of toxic metals (Cd, Hg and Pb) in the edible tissues of seven commercial fish species (Mullus barbatus, Merlangius merlangus, Scophthalmus maximus, Mugil cephalus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus mediterraneus and Sarda sarda) collected from Sinop coasts of the southern Black Sea were detected in 11 years. In several fish samples, the concentrations of elements (Cd, Hg and Pb) were not detected or were below the detection level. The present study showed that Pb was the most and Cd was the least accumulated metal in the studied fish species. The concentrations of those metals are below the international organizations' recommended limit. It was shown that the estimated metal dose values for daily average consumption and hazarded quotients (HI) in fish samples are below safety levels for human consumption (HI<1). From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was no possible health risk to people due to intake of any studied species under the current consumption rate in the country for 11 years. This study could be useful as a baseline data for metals exposure.Öğe Trace Element Risk Assessment for the Consumption of Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) from the mid-South Black Sea Coastline(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, Elif; Sahin, Fatih; Bhuyan, Md SimulThis study aims to evaluate the metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn) contamination in Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) caught in the Sinop region of the Black Sea and the health risk to consumers. These eight metals were measured with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS) in the edible tissues of S. sarda sampled during the September-December 2020 fishing season. Statistical analysis revealed that metal accumulation depends on the size. Large fish have been found to accumulate more metals than small fish. The results showed that the element concentrations in edible tissues of all S. sarda of the southern Black Sea were lower than the maximum allowable levels under European and Turkish regulations. The average weekly intake of tested metals per body weight did not exceed the established provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and target hazard index (THI) were used to find out the non-carcinogenic health hazards as well as the cancer risk index (RI). The findings indicate that S. sarda specimens from the Black Sea are safe to eat, and the risk of health problems connected with non-carcinogenic effects is still very minimal for infants, children, and adults who consume them on a regular basis.Öğe Trace elements in edible tissues of the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) in the southern Black Sea, Turkiye: sex, monthly, and age variations and human consumer health risk(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Bat, Levent; Basusta, Nuri; Oztekin, Aysah; Sahin, Fatih; Arici, Elif; Seyhan, KadirCoastal areas face significant pressures from a variety of human activities, owing primarily to population growth in these areas. Human activities produce a variety of contaminants, including trace metals, which are common forms of contamination that enter marine ecosystems. This study was carried out to provide information on trace element concentrations (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the muscles of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) available on Sinop coasts of the southern Black Sea and to evaluate the possible risk associated with their consumption. The minimum and maximum values (mg/kg wet weight) of trace elements in the edible tissue of R. venosa decreased in the following order: Zn (1.75-8.53) > Cu (0.41-4.6) > Cd (0.021-0.255) > Pb (0.013-0.037) > Hg (0.010-0.035). The measured levels of all the trace elements in the present study were lower than the limits permitted by the European Community Regulation (EU), Turkish guideline, and the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF). The hazard index value of Hg, Cd, Cu, and Zn for the veined rapa whelk is lower than standard 1, demonstrating that ingestion of this mollusk from the southern Black Sea does not result in overexposure to these contaminants. The risk index value for human cancer risk of Pb for all seasons was found to be insignificant. When comparing the levels of elements in males and females, significant differences were found in some months for all the metals. In general, the trace elements were detected in higher concentrations in females than in males. Both females and males have accumulated less trace elements with increasing age. This study was the first to show the distribution of trace elements as a function of age in R. venosa.
