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    Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) level, but not ACE gene polymorphism, is associated with prognosis of COVID-19 infection: Implications for diabetes and hypertension
    (Public Library Science, 2023) Elbasan, Onur; Bayram, Feyza; Yazan, Ceyda Dincer; Apaydin, Tugce; Dashdamirova, Saida; Polat, Hamza; Arslan, Ebru
    BackgroundThe renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was shown to be activated in severe COVID-19 infection. We aimed to investigate the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels, ACE gene polymorphism, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and hypertension (HT) and the prognosis of COVID-19 infection. MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed the clinical features of adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE gene analysis and ACE level measurements were performed. The patients were grouped according to ACE gene polymorphism (DD, ID or II), disease severity (mild, moderate, or severe), and the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme inhibitor (DPP4i), ACE-inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality were also recorded. ResultsA total of 266 patients were enrolled. Gene analysis detected DD polymorphism in the ACE 1 gene in 32.7% (n = 87), ID in 51.5% (n = 137), and II in 15.8% (n = 42) of the patients. ACE gene polymorphisms were not associated with disease severity, ICU admission, or mortality. ACE levels were higher in patients who died (p = 0.004) or were admitted to the ICU (p<0.001) and in those with severe disease compared to cases with mild (p = 0.023) or moderate (p<0.001) disease. HT, T2DM, and ACEi/ARB or DPP4i use were not associated with mortality or ICU admission. ACE levels were similar in patients with or without HT (p = 0.374) and with HT using or not using ACEi/ARB (p = 0.999). They were also similar in patients with and without T2DM (p = 0.062) and in those with and without DPP4i treatment (p = 0.427). ACE level was a weak predictor of mortality but an important predictor of ICU admission. It predicted ICU admission in total (cutoff value >37.092 ng/mL, AUC: 0.775, p<0.001). ConclusionOur findings suggest that higher ACE levels, but not ACE gene polymorphism, ACEi/ARB or DPP4i use, were associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 infection. The presence of HT and T2DM and ACEi/ARB or DPP4i use were not associated with mortality or ICU admission.
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    The Embryonic Development of Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maxima Linnaeus, 1758) Eggs in Different Incubation Temperatures and Salinities
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2018) Polat, Hamza; Ozen, Mehmet Rustu; Keskin, Serpil Yavuz
    In this research, the effects of different temperatures (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 degrees C) and salinities (5, 10, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35 and % 40) on the development of turbot (Psetta maxima) eggs were investigated in triplicates. Broodstock produced in CFRI were used in this research. Fertilization, hatching, anomaly rate and larvae length were measured. Time dependent embryonic development were observed. Embryonic development was completed in each temperatures. It is observed that water temperature has significant effects on fertilization, hatching, anomaly and larvae length (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between the embryonic development and the water temperature of incubation. Time for hatching at 8 and 18 degrees C were 2552 hour/degree and 1350 hour/degree, respectively. Better fertilization rate were obtained in salinities of % 18, % 20 and % 25, respectively. Fertilization was not succeeded in the salinity values of 5% and % 10. The anomaly rate in the salinity values of 15% and 40% was higher then in accordance with other salinity values. According to result of this study, to get high fertilization and haching rate and low abnormality for Black Sea Turbot, water temperature and water salinity were found as 14 degrees C and % 18, respectively.