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Öğe Assessing health risks from metal contamination in Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Black Sea(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2024) Bat, Levent; Yardim, Oztekin; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, ElifThis study presents a comprehensive assessment of heavy metal concentrations in anchovy samples collected from the coasts of Samsun and Sinop, Black Sea, with a focus on evaluating potential health risks for three distinct age groups. The mean metals were 0.0039, 0.0131, 0.0189, 0.1271, 3.53, and 2.471 mg/ kg wet wt. for Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe, respectively. The Estimated Daily Index for infants, children, and adults indicated that the potential exposure to heavy metals through anchovy consumption remained well below established safety thresholds, thus confirming the safety of anchovy consumption for all age groups. Furthermore, the health risk analysis, using the Hazard Quotients, showed that the noncarcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metal exposure in the anchovy samples were negligible, with total hazard quotients consistently below 1. This suggests no potential chronic health risks for consumers. Consumption of anchovy does not pose a carcinogenic risk regarding the Carcinogenic Risk Index calculated between 8.39 x10 -8 and 2.33 x10 - 7 for Pb.Öğe Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Black Sea coast: Implications for food safety and human health(Elsevier, 2023) Bat, Levent; Yardim, Oztekin; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, ElifThe present study aimed to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) samples collected from the Black Sea coast in 2022. The research involved analysing male and female turbot samples for their potential to accumulate these metals and assessing the associated health risks for different age groups (infants, children, adults). Metal analyses were conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS), and risk assessment was performed using the Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Risk Index (RI) methods. Results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals in both male and female turbots were consistently below the established safety limits set by national and international regulatory authorities. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and THQ values for all metals were found to be well below the corresponding reference doses, indicating no significant noncarcinogenic health risks associated with turbot consumption. Furthermore, the RI values for metals with available Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) were extremely low, suggesting negligible carci-nogenic risk from consuming turbot.Öğe Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Water and Sediments and Polychaetes in Sinop Shores of the Black Sea(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2019) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, AysahIn this study four Polychaetes species namely Capitella capitata, Nereis zonata, Platynereis dumerilii and Perinereis cultrifera were selected to evaluate metal pollution in Karakum shores of Sinop Peninsula in the southern Black Sea. The Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn amounts in water, sediment as well as their existence in Polychaetes were studied to appraise the anthropogenic impact on their environment. Metals concentrations in water were found in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg, whereas the order of abundance of these metals in sediments were as follow Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg >Cd. There were no differences in heavy metal levels in sediment between seasons. The concentration of metals analysed in the Polychaete species showed same pattern. Zn showed the highest concentration in all species followed by Cu. The results showed that the heavy metal levels in C. capitata were much higher than those in N. zonata, P. dumerilii and P. cultrifera.Öğe Beach litter contamination of the Turkish middle Black Sea coasts: Spatial and temporal variation, composition, and possible sources(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Ozturk, Dilara Kaya; Gurbuzer, Pinar; Ozsandikci, Ugur; Eyuboglu, Bora; Oztekin, Hasan CanMarine litter is one of the biggest environmental problems nowadays. Sinop, is located in the heart of Turkiye's Black Sea coast, has a small population, and is a popular fishing and tourist destination. In this study, marine litter amount, composition, and possible sources were investigated, and seasonal comparisons were made be-tween in Sinop beaches. Marine litter amount was found as 0.29-7.67 items.m(-2) and 3.46-49.09 g.m(-2) and beaches were classified as moderate to extremely dirty. Plastics were the highest ratio (88.14-98.46 %) and plastic pieces 2.5 > < 50 cm were the major litter type. The major possible litter source was improper waste disposal (33.36 %) and litter items originated from mainly land-based sources (74.13 %). The result of this study shows that there is a significant litter problem on the coasts. The solution of this problem can be possible to take rational measures against marine litter pollution with education and management policies.Öğe Beach Litter Pollution in Sinop Sarikum Lagoon Coast of the Southern Black Sea(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2020) Oztekin, Aysah; Bat, Levent; Baki, Oylum GokkurtIn the present study, marine litter pollution on Sarikum Lagoon coast which is one of the significant wetlands of the Black Sea was investigated. Beach litter survey was carried out seasonally between May 2015 and February 2016 according to ` Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas' published by European Marine Strategy Framework Directive Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. The average litter density was 1.512 +/- 0.578 items/m(2) and 31.875 +/- 10.684 g/m(2). The results indicated that the most common type of litter was plastic (95.61%) followed by glass/ceramics (1.46%), cloth/textile (1.31%) and the other material types (1.62%) and also foreign origin litter belonging to 25 countries mainly from neighbouring countries were found on the beach. Sarikum beach was classified as extremely dirty according to Clean Coast Index. It was observed that the litter in the region consisted mostly of mixed packaging items (41.12%) and unidentifiable litter items (33.84%). Our results show that the coast of Sarikum Lagoon exposed to a significant amount of marine litter pollution originated from land-based sources.Öğe Comprehensive risk assessment of metals in surface sediments of the Southern Black Sea coastal and transition waters(Elsevier, 2024) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, Aysah; Ozsandikci, Ugur; Ozkan, Ebru YesimThis study was carried out to determine metal levels accumulated in the sediments collected from the transitional and coastal waters of the southern Black Sea. Samples were taken from 32 stations in May and September 2018. The concentrations of elements were measured by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICPMS). Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo -accumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Contamination Factor (C f ), and Modified Degree of Contamination (mC d ) were applied to the data for assessing the sediment quality. Associations between the variables were also revealed by factor analysis. Igeo of metals are obtained in coastal sediments only when Hg in May and Cr in September are classified as moderately polluted. PLIs exceeded one at stations in the industrial zone, indicating getting worse. It is necessary to prevent pollution from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources and to control agricultural lands.Öğe Farmed Turkish salmon: Toxic metals and health threat(Kemerovo State Univ, 2021) Bat, Levent; Arici, Elif; Oztekin, Aysah; Sahin, FatihIntroduction. Toxic metals in fish, even at low levels, have negative consequences for human health. Even essential metals pose a health threat if consumed in certain quantities. Mercury, cadmium, and lead are the most frequent metals containing in fish. The research objective was to inspect the quality of aquaculture fish found in most major grocery chains across Turkey. Study objects and methods. The present research featured the quantities of Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Hg, and Cd in Turkish salmon. The sampling took place between February and June 2019. The cumulative carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for consumers was evaluated based on trace element levels in a prospective health risk assessment using the U.S. EPA model of lifetime exposure. Results and discussion. Fe proved to be the most abundant clement in fish fillets, followed by Zn and Cu. Other elements appeared to be far below the permissible values, namely Al <= 0.5, Cd <= 0.02, Pb, and Hg <= 0.05. All the trace elements detected in Turkish salmon were below the reference dose values. The percent contribution to total risk by Fe, Cu, and Zn were 34.20, 24.80, and 41.01%, respectively. The hazard index was <= 1. The contamination of aquaculture fish fillet proved insignificant, and the carcinogenic risk was entirely negligible. Conclusion. The research revealed no hazardous trace elements, and their cumulative effects were not indicated in the hazardous index.Öğe Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from the southern Black Sea(Kemerovo State Univ, 2020) Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, Elif; Sahin, FatihIntroduction. The coastal contamination of the Black Sea has been an important issue for several decades. Heavy metals are the most harmful contaminants which affect people health. The research objective of the present study was to determine the amounts of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn found in the whiting (M. merlangus L.) and the red mullet (M. barbatus L.). These Black Sea bottom fish species have the highest commercial value. The obtained data were used to assess the risk which the fish represents for human consumers. Study objects and methods. The elements were detected using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The amounts of the metals arranged in the following order Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd. Results and discussion. The mean values of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the edible tissues were 0.013, 0.024, 0.07, 0.195, and 9.05 mg/kg wet wt. for whiting and 0.017, 0.036, 0.05, 0.29, and 6.4 mg/kg wet wt. for red mullet, respectively. These levels proved lower than the permitted values set by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of the UK (MAFF), Turkish Food Codex (TFC), and EU Commission Regulation. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for all the elements via consumption of whiting and red mullet were also low. Conclusion. Hazard index (HI) was < 1, which means that the fish caused no health problems in people who consumed whiting and red mullet caught in the southern Black Sea during the fishing seasons of 2017-2018. The carcinogenic risk index (CRT) for whiting and red mullet was also considered insignificant.Öğe Heavy Metal Biomonitoring in Cultured Rainbow Trout of the Black Sea and Risk Estimations on Its Consumption(Springernature, 2024) Bat, Levent; Arici, Elif; Oztekin, AysahIn recent years, the growing importance of fish species obtained through aquaculture, coupled with a decline in wild-caught fish, has raised concerns about the potential accumulation of pollutants in these fish. This work aimed to analyze the amounts of elements in trout cultured mainly between Sinop and Samsun shores at the south of the Black Sea and marketed in Sinop fish markets. The comparison of these values with national and internationally accepted regulations was conducted, and evaluation of health risks for consumers was performed. Oncorhynchus mykiss samples were bought in April, May, and June of 2022 and 2023. The heavy metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fish tissues were wet digested in Teflon vessels. The outcomes were contrasted with established regulatory limits for heavy metals in fish. Fortunately, the metal concentrations detected in the fillets were found to be below the permissible levels set by regulations, indicating that the fish were not significantly contaminated. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) values, which are utilized to evaluate the possible health risks connected with heavy metal exposure, were calculated. It was reassuring to find that both EDI and THQ values were below the acceptable thresholds, suggesting that the consumption of O. mykiss is not likely to pose a threat to human health. To preserve seafood safety and safeguard public health, however, constant monitoring of fish metal levels is necessary.Öğe Heavy metals health risk appraisal in benthic fish species of the Black Sea(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2019) Bat, Levent; Arici, Elif; Oztekin, AysahPresent study is to provide information on the Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn levels in the muscle of red mullet Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 and whiting Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea in 2015 fishing season from September to December. This study also compare the measured values with national and international standards for food and human health.Öğe Long-term changes and causes of biota assemblages in the southern Black Sea coasts(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Bat, Levent; Kurt, Guley; Mulayim, Aysegul; Caglar, Senem; Oztekin, AysahThe presence of biota in the Black Sea is mostly determined by seawater temperature and salinity. The consensus of many scientists doing research on global warming is that in 2100, the average air temperature will be increase than today's values. With climate changing, precipitation rates will change due to the Black Sea water temperature and the changing atmospheric regime, causing an unbalanced entry of nutrients into the sea, and as a result, excessive plankton proliferation may occur. This may mean that the habitats of the species in the Black Sea are further limited. The increases in sea levels may not be serious, but there is no doubt that there will be some increases. These increases will affect the coastal ecosystem, especially the rich living life in the region where the waves hit the shore, which we call the wave zone, will be adversely affected. These predictions should be followed up with regular scientific monitoring studies and it should be investigated how biota from invertebrates to fish are affected by the changes. This review explored and discussed the long-term changes and causes of biota communities on the southern coast of the Black Sea.Öğe Marine litter occurrence in the river-influenced Black Sea coast(Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2020) Stoica, Elena; Atabay, Hakan; Bat, Levent; Ciuca, Andreea; Creanga, Silvia; Marin, Dragos; Oztekin, AysahComposition and abundance of anthropogenic litter were investigated on adjacent coastal beaches of three rivers flowing into the North-Western and Southern Black Sea. A single sampling survey was conducted during the period August - September 2019 within 4 sectors of sandy beaches with different level of urbanization situated at the Romanian and Turkish littoral of the Black Sea. The results of study evinced total of 3916 items with the maximum litter accumulations found on the Turkish coast. The most-represented items of anthropogenic litter in the evaluated samples were plastics, paper/cardboard, wood and glass/ceramic. Plastics made up the main share of litter on Black Sea coastal beaches near the river mouths (65-95%). The types of plastic items ranged from 15 to 54 among the sites, of which cigarette butts, plastic pieces (2.5 cm > < 50 cm), polystyrene and plastic caps/lids drinks constituted the highest number of artificial polymeric material. The characteristic of plastic litter composition of each selected Black Sea beach is attributable to river and human influences. Fragments and small plastic items were predominant for most of the beaches, including wild beaches and those that had lower levels of urbanization, confirming that riverine outflows have an important impact on plastic litter pollution on Black Sea coastal beaches.Öğe MARINE LITTER POLLUTION IN THE BLACK SEA: ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN LIGHT OF THE MARINE STRATEGY FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE(Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2017) Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Arici, Elif[No abstract available]Öğe Marine litter problem in the southern Black Sea coastal area: An overview of the big pressure in Sinop(Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2020) Oztekin, Aysah; Bat, LeventMarine litter is one of the most important pollution problems of today. It has been observed in all marine ecosystems and has a big pressure on marine coastal environment. The Black Sea is one of the most important European seas and gets its share from this pollution. Sinop, located right at the middle of the southern Black Sea coast, is a settlement with prominent fishing and tourism and no industrial pollution. The most important components of marine pollution in the city are domestic solid wastes, urban sewage systems and fishing and shipping activities. In addition to these components, physical factors such as currents, waves and winds cause pollution pressure in the region. In this research, pollution pressure from marine litter has been focused on Sinop, which is a small city with a relatively low population and pollutant load.Öğe Metal Bioaccumulation of Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) Collected from Sinop Coast in the Southern Black Sea(Istanbul University Press, 2019) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Oztekin, AysahObjective: Metal bioaccumulation of the bivalve Mytilaster lineatus, based on different seasons and stations was investigated in Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea. Soft tissues of mussels from Gazibey Rock and Icliman were taken during the spring and the summer of the year 2016 and were analyzed for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. Materials and Methods: The soft tissues of the mussels digested with SuprapurR HNO3 (nitric acid) using a Milestone Systems, Start D 260 microwave digestion system. The accuracy and precision of the method was verified by the simultaneous analysis of the certified reference materials NIST 2976 (mussel tissue) for the samples. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Agilent Technologies, 7700x was used for metal analyses. Results: Results showed that higher concentrations of almost all metals in Icliman than those in Gazibey Rock. However, no significant differences were detected between seasons except for both Cu and Zn. The metal amounts of M. lineatus ranged between 0.024-0.035, 0.054-0.072, 0.13-0.25, 0.64-0.85 and 6-20 mg kg-1 wet wt. for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, respectively. Conclusion: The measured metals in both sampling areas did not exceed the threshold set by the European Commission and Turkish Food Codex. The results of this study also confirmed the potential of M. lineatus to be used as bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution. © European Journal of Biology. All rights reserved.Öğe METAL LEVELS IN LARGE SEA TROUT FROM SINOP FISH MARKET(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Yardim, OztekinThis study was performed for the assessment of seven metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Zn and Fe) in sea trout farmed at the Yakakent coast of the Black Sea and sold in Sinop market. Sea trout is a widespread farmed species in rich water resources of Turkey. When the fishing season is closed, sea trout becomes one of the most consumed fish species in Sinop. For the present study, a total of 5 large trout individuals were randomly collected each month during the period between January and June in 2015 from the fish market in Sinop city. Mostly Hg, Cd and As were below the detection limits except in some individuals obtained in May and June. The results of the statistical analysis showed significant differences among sampling months. This variation is significantly different for the metals (P<0.05). Means of these metals in edible muscles of large sea trout are lower than the maximum permissible limit set by the Turkish Food Codex and EU Regulation limits for fish. The results obtained in this study show that the heavy metal levels in the edible tissues of sea trout were lower than the recommended standards. In conclusion, consumption of sea trout as food bought from the Sinop markets may not be a possible health risk for the local people at the time of the study.Öğe Metal levels in Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) and their health risk assessment for consumers(Wiley, 2024) Bat, Levent; Yardim, Oztekin; Oztekin, AysahThe current study was conducted to determine the residues of Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in the edible tissues of Sander lucioperca. Total of 20 fish individuals collected from Lake Balik, Samsun were analysed by using ICPMS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer). All metal values in the muscle of S. lucioperca were quite low. Fe is the highest concentration (4.07 mg/kg), whereas Cd had the lowest Cd (0.007 mg/kg). Therefore, it can be said that the bioaccumulation of metals in pike-perch did not go over the acceptable limits established for these metals by national and international organisations. The hazard quotients (HQs) for individual elements and the hazard index (HI) were all <1 in S. lucioperca, showing no danger by these chemicals when consumed by infants, children, and adults. The RIs for Pb were between 1.45 x 10(-7) and 4.30 x 10(-7), indicating their insignificant carcinogenic risks, whereas for As these values were between 2.78 x 10(-5) and 1.06 x 10(-4), indicating their tolerable or acceptable carcinogenic risks.Öğe Metals in Wild and Cultured Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) from Fish Markets in Sinop: Consumer's Health Risk Assessment(Springernature, 2022) Bat, Levent; Sahin, Fatih; Bhuyan, Md Simul; Arici, Elif; Oztekin, AysahConcentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn were determined in the muscles of wild and farmed European seabass in Sinop markets between September and December in 2020, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion. In the study, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu) were found higher than the other metals both in wild and cultured Dicentrarchus labrax. These are essential elements, but excess amounts act as a poison. Arsenic (As) concentration was higher than cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) both in wild and cultured D. labrax. The estimated maximum total dietary intakes of these eight metals from both wild and farmed European seabass were below the maximum acceptable daily intake values set by the Turkish Food Codex and European Union Regulation. Results showed that according to metal amounts, consumption of D. labrax had no threat to consumers' health. The target hazard quotient (THQ) revealed that harmful health impacts may not occur. Furthermore, risk index (RI) indicated that there may have a lower risk of developing cancer in the future who have been exposed to Pb and As through fish intake. Although the fish are not overly contaminated, the metal level is rising. Increased amounts of heavy metals in fish in different areas could be due to an increase in farm inflow water, domestic sewage, and a number of other anthropogenic sources, all of which should be looked into further. Precautions should be made to safeguard this fish from metal contamination and to reduce the risk to human health.Öğe Metals levels in Sarda orientalis collected from the commercial landings of Karachi Fish Harbor, Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea) and assessment of likely health risks to the consumers(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Ahmed, Quratulan; Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Ghory, Farhana Shafiq; Yousuf, FarzanaAnthropogenic activities are the major source of chemical pollutants including heavy metals in the coastal ecosystem which may accumulate in the aquatic organisms through the food web. Metal contamination in the marine fish pose serious threat to human health. This study deals with the human health risks of metal accumulation from Sarda orientalis consumption. The quantities of heavy metals were investigated in muscle, gills, and liver of striped bonito from the commercial landings of Karachi Fish Harbor, Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea). Risk for human health was evaluated by iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium, estimated daily intake, hazard index, and risk index. The hazard index value is <1, indicating that the estimated exposure is below reference dose for the relevant metals for monsoon, winter, and pre-monsoon. The mean hazard index for iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and cadmium was 1.20 x 10(-2) for consumers. The mean risk index of lead for S. orientalis was 7.39 x 10(-9). As a result, the metals did not exceed the World Health Organization's and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's toxicological reference.Öğe Microlitter Pollution in Sea Water: A Preliminary Study from Sinop Sarikum Coast of the Southern Black Sea(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2017) Oztekin, Aysah; Bat, LeventIn this study, microplastic pollution for the first time is reported in the sea surface and water column in Sinop Sarikum Lagoon coast of the southern Black Sea. Distribution, density and type of microplastics were investigated in the study area where is one of the significant wetlands of the Black Sea. Study was carried out between 2015 and 2016 as seasonally and two types of net for sea surface and water column were used for three different depths. Results showed that microparticle density was 2.667 +/- 2.325 pieces m(-3) for sea surface and 24.475 +/- 26.153 pieces m(-3) for water column. The most common material type is ship paints for sampling areas (Sea surface: 55.45%; Water column: 54.21%) followed by fibres, hard plastic pieces and nylons. Our results show that microplastic is found a large amount in the Black Sea and this pollution type is a growing problem in our day. The presence of this pollution type is an important issue and requires further examination about transportation, origins, types and effects on biota.
