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    Levels of Selected Trace Elements, Phytohormones, and Sugars in Pseudomonas-Infected Lycopersicum esculantum Mill Plants
    (Humana Press Inc, 2010) Berber, Ismet; Ekin, Suat; Battal, Peyami; Onlu, Harun; Erez, M. Emre
    The present study investigated the levels of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Cd), major elements (Ca and K), phytohormones (trans-Zeatin [t-Z] and gibberellic acid [GA]), and sugars (sucrose and glucose) following inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain. The results of the trace elements analysis showed that Fe (in the first, fourth, eighth, and tenth study days), Cd (in the fourth, eighth, and tenth study days), Cu (in the fourth and eighth study days), and Zn (in the eighth and tenth study days) increased in bacterium-infected tomato plants, compared to healthy plants. The levels of Pb, Ca, and K did not meaningfully determine a change after inoculation with pathogen. In this vein, the increase accumulation rates of Cu, Zn, and Fe in the injured plants can be an important indicator for the plant defense processes towards pathogen attack. Furthermore, in the first, fourth, eighth, and tenth study days, the glucose and sucrose contents crucially decreased in bacterium-infected plants compared to the control groups. The lowest level of sucrose in bacterium-infected plants was observed on the first day. The findings displayed that, when endogenous t-Z levels did not change after inoculation with virulent bacterium strain, there was a reduction in the first, fourth, eighth, and tenth days in the level of GA when compared with the control group levels. Therefore, there may be a link between lower GA level and enhancement in the expression of defense-related genes. The results of this study showed that there are complex relationships among levels of sugar, trace element, and endogenous phytohormone in the regulation of defense mechanisms against bacterial pathogen attacks.
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    Use of the Different Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Methods in the Characterization of Human Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Strains
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2010) Berber, Ismet; Alan, Negmetullah; Ekin, Suat; Onlu, Harun
    In the study, a total of 41 strains of Staphylococcus aureus including 38 clinical isolates and 3 reference strains were characterized according to biotyping, plasmid profiles and the numerical analysis of the protein profiles. The antibiogram results showed that the isolates were resistant against the tested antibiotics, except for vancomycin. Furthermore, plasmid profile analysis confirmed that the strains consisted of only one plasmid. Present findings indicated that the whole-cell and extracellular protein profiles obtained by using SDS-PAGE methods to be good typing tool for the differentiation of S. aureus strains at the species level, not strain level. However, Native-PAGE of whole-cell proteins was the most reliable and rapid method for differentiation between MRSA and ordinary S. aureus strains comparing to other applying PAGE techniques. In addition, it was determined that the same clone was responsible for most cases of MRSA and other S. aureus epidermic among surveyed hospitals. In conclusion, this study supposed that together application at least two different polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) techniques can be offer accurate and an effective approach to the investigation of taxonomic relationships within human pathogenic S. aureus strains.