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    DOES BOSU TRAINING AFFECT ON DYNAMIC AND STATIC BALANCE IN ADOLESCENT TAEKWONDO ATHLETES?
    (Univ Ljubljana, Fac Sport, 2018) Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Karabiyik, Hakan; Er, Fatmanur; Erdogan, Ceren Suveren; Cakir, Ergun; Koz, Mitat; Baltaci, Gul
    The purposes of this study were to develop taekwondos-pecific core stabilization-balance training and to determine the influence of a core stabilization-exercise protocol, using the BOSU, on dynamic and static balance performance in adolescent TKD athletes. Twenty-four elite taekwondo athletes were randomly divided into two groups: the BOSU-trained group (n = 13) and the control group (n = 11). Subjects in BOSU-trained group had core-stabilization training 3 times a week for 12 weeks in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The control group had no training protocol in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. Static and dynamic balances of the subjects, both right and left legs were assessed with the Biodex Balance System. ANOVAs showed that the BOSU decreased both the static and the dynamic balance error scores of non-dominant leg from pre to post-training by 0.32 +/- 0.17 (28.5%) and 0.75 +/- 0.47 (82.5%); respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, the BOSU decreased the dynamic balance error scores of dominant leg from pre to post-training by 40.33% (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that the taekwondo-specific BOSU training program is effective in decreasing the balance error scores in dominant and non-dominant leg. It is suggested that the BOSU training can be applied as an effective exercise program for enhancing dynamic and static balance performance.
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    Does nitric oxide intake affect post-exercise recovery in athletes? A study on cocoa, caffeine and nitric oxide supplement
    (Mattioli 1885, 2020) Mor, Ahmet; Yilmaz, Ali Kerim; Acar, Kursat; Birinci, Mursit Ceyhun; Ipekoglu, Gokhan
    Background: The beneficial effect of popular supplements and use of nitric oxide (NO) precursor nutrients in athletes which aim at increase of sports performance. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nitric oxide precursor nutrients and some nutrients with the ability to increase NO levels in the body on increased NO production in metabolism and on the recovery after acute exercise. Materials and Methods: 8 volunteers, male athletes, in shape and trained participated into this study. Athletes were subject to research protocol every other day, a total of three times. Heart rate and lactate levels were determined at resting and recovery. Results: Statistically significant difference was detected between control and cocoa/caffeine (CC) groups in the 1 minute lactate levels. Lactate levels significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the control group in the 1 minute lactate levels (p<0.05). Statistical significance difference was found between the nitric oxide supplement (NOX) and CC groups in the 1 and 10 minutes heart rate levels. Heart rate levels significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the NOX group (p<0.05). Heart rate levels were significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the control and NOX groups in the 15 minute measurement (p<0.05). Conclusions: Nitric oxide consumed as a supplement in line with nutrition and recovery strategies in athletes improved the recovery by accelerating lactate excretion from the body after the exercise. All of these metabolic responses in the present study suggest that NO will have a positive effect on exercise performance and recovery.
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    Effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte consumption on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose after high-intensity exercise
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Mor, Ahmet; Kayacan, Yildirim; Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Arslanoglu, Erkal
    Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of CHO-E consumption after high-intensity exercise on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose responses, which is important for performance and recovery in athletes. Methods: Sixteen volunteers, male athletes, participated into this study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (CHO-E) and placebo (PLA). Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 h after ingestion of supplement (PS). Results: When inter-group comparisons, insulin was significantly higher in the CHO-E group than the PLA group at the PS phase (p < .05). Cortisol significantly decreased in the CHO-E group at the PS compared to the PE (p < .05). Conclusions: Carbohydrate-electrolyte consumption after high-intensity exercise, accelerates the recovery process by providing optimal recovery, and enable the metabolism to remain in the anabolic state by preventing it from entering in the catabolic process as well as provides hormonal balance in metabolism.
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    Examination of Exercise-Induced Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Damage in Terms of Smoking
    (Montenegrin Sports Acad, 2019) Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Taskin, Hahl; Senel, Omer
    This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute endurance exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscles in smokers and non-smokers. Eight daily smokers (28.44 +/- 3.94 years) and nine non-smokers (29.62 +/- 3.46 years) were included. The subjects were not trained and performed continuous endurance exercise on a treadmill for 40 minutes at 70% of maximal heart rate. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline [pre-exercise (PRE)], at immediately after the exercise [post-exercise (POST)], at 2 hours after the exercise (2h), at 24 hours after the exercise (24h) to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase(CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (TN-T), and myoglobin levels. A progressive increase was observed in all exercise-induced muscle damage parameters of the smoker and non-smoker from PRE to 2h. CK, myoglobin and T-NT levels of smokers were significantly higher than non-smokers at 24h (p=0.039, p=0.018 p=0.008, respectively). No significant difference was found between the smoking and non-smoking groups at all time points regarding CK-MB and LDH levels (p>0.05). Acute endurance exercise leads to more skeletal and myocardial damage in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking may increase the risk of cardiovascular events during both exercise and daily physical activity.
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    IL-6 and IL-1β responses to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink in orienteering athletes
    (Gdansk Univ Physical Education & Sport, 2018) Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Gonulates, Suleyman; Er, Fatmanur; Yaman, Metin; Karacan, Selma; Cayci, Banu; Colakoglu, Filiz
    Background: This study was conducted to determine acute effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) found in sports drinks, ingested just before an orienteering competition, on the levels of plasma IL-6 and IL-1 beta cytokine. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design, including 23 elite orienteering athletes who volunteered to participate. Following the collection of resting specimens of blood, the experimental group (n = 12) was administered a sports drink containing CHO-E, while the placebo group (n = 11) was administered 500 ml of plain water. The subjects were asked to finish the orienteering competition. Result: IL-1 beta level in the 24th hour after the competition was found to be significantly lower than in precompetition and 2 hours after the competition in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The IL-6 levels of the experimental group in the 24th hour after the competition were significantly lower than those measured at the end of the competition and in the 2nd hour following the competition (p < 0.05). In intergroup comparisons, no significant differences were detected in the IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A drink containing CHO-E might have stopped muscle contraction-associated cytokine production by increasing the tissue stability of the muscles, compensating the loss of fluid and electrolytes from athletes' bodies.
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    The Acute Effects of Beta-Alanine on Blood Gas of Athletes after Maximal Exercise
    (Rjpbcs Research Journal Pharmaceutical, Biological & Chemical Sciences, 2018) Mor, Ahmet; Ipekoglu, Gokhan
    This study aimed to examine the effect of acute beta-alanine consumption after maximal exercise on blood gas responses. 18 volunteers, male athletes, participated into the study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (beta-alanine) (n=9) and placebo (n=9). After maximal exercise, beta-alanine supplement was given to the experimental group while the placebo group received placebo. Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 hours after ingestion supplement (PS); blood gas values have been analyzed. Statistically significant differences in many blood gas parameters were found when comparisons of in-group basal, PE and PS time courses of two groups were reviewed (p<0.05). But, there was no significant difference between the basal and PS levels of any parameters in the beta-alanine group although there were significant differences among the PE, basal and PS values as a result of beta-alanine supplementation. When all inter-group comparisons of all findings obtained were considered, a significant difference was not detected at any time periods (p>0.05),It can be said that the beta-alanine supplementation after maximal exercise had positive effects on the blood gas responses, body oxygenation status, which is important for performance and recovery, and acid-base balance of the athletes.
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    The acute effects of combined supplementation of beta-alanine, carbohydrate and whey protein on biochemical parameters of athletes after exhaustive exercise
    (Mattioli 1885, 2018) Mor, Ahmet; Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Arslanoglu, Erkal; Arslanoglu, Cansel; Acar, Kursat
    Background: The beneficial effect of popular supplements and use of combined supplementation in athletes which purpose to increase sports performance. Objective: This study aimed to review biochemical responses that the athletes gave to combined supplementation received after exercise and some changes in hematological values. Material and Method: 16 volunteers, in shape, male athletes with ages between 18-25 participated into the study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (supplement) (n=8) and control (placebo) (n=8). After the exercise made until exhaustion (shuttle run test), beta-alanine/vitargo(carbohydrate-electrolyte)/whey protein supplement was given to the experimental group while the control group received placebo (water). Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 hours after ingestion supplement (PS); Urea, Creatinine, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values have been analyzed. Results: Statistically significant differences in many biochemical parameters were found when comparisons of in-group basal, PE and PS time courses of supplement and control groups were reviewed (p<0.05). When inter-group comparison of triglyceride and cholesterol levels were reviewed, a significant difference was seen in basal levels (p<0.05) no difference was detected in values other than that (p>0.05). Conclusions: It is possible to say that acute combined supplementation used after exercise does not create a negative effect on biochemical parameters of athletes, on the contrary when the research result data were compared with control group, by looking at the basal, exercise and after supplementation values such as creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL, the combined supplement intake showed positive results in terms of health.
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    The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
    (Suamthi Publications, 2018) Mor, Ahmet; Ipekoglu, Gokhan
    Objective: This study aimed to determine the exercise-induced muscle damage responses to whey protein supplementation in soccer players. Methods: Total 22 male soccer's participated in this study. Subjects were divided into 2 groups as experiment group (n=11) and placebo group (n=11). Blood samples were taken from the athletes' basal, post-exercise (PE), 2 hours after supplement ingestion (PS). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and total protein values were analyzed. Results: A statistically significant difference was found when PE total protein was compared to basal and PS in the experiment (whey) and placebo group (p<0.05). Basal serum LDH level was significantly lower than PE and PS values in the whey group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was observed that whey protein consumed after exercise did not have any positive effect on athletes' muscle damage values which are directly affecting the recovery such as total protein, ALT, AST, LDH, and CK.
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    The Effects of Electrostimulation and Core Exercises on Recovery After High-Intensity Exercise
    (Int Journal Applied Exercise Physiology, 2017) Mor, Ahmet; Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Arslanoglu, Cansel; Acar, Kursat; Arslanoglu, Erkal
    Introduction and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrostimulation and core exercises on recovery after high-intensity exercise. Methods: The participants of this study consists of 12 male bodybuilders who regularly train and between the ages 18-30. Tabata high intensity interval training (HIIT) was applied with different recovery methods to the athletes on three different days and the recovery levels of athletes were analyzed. Heart rate and blood lactate levels were measured at baseline (PRE) at immediately after the HIIT (POST), at the 1 minutes after HIIT (1min), at the 5 minutes after HIIT (5min), and at the 10 minutes after HIIT (10min). On the rest days, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum creatine kinase (CK) measurements were done to determine the muscle damage. Results: The in-group comparisons for lactate levels showed no significant difference (p>0,01). The level of lactate on the 10min was found to be significantly lower than the 5min in the core exercise group (p<0,01). Similarly in the electrostimulation group, 10m lactate levels are significantly lower than 5min (p<0,01). There were no statistically significant differences in the heart rate measurements (p<0,01). The results showed no statistically significant difference between the groups although the averages of LDH and CK showed variations (p>0,01). These results show that the lactate level reaches to the maximum level after HIIT, and the level of lactate decreases between the 5th and the 10th minutes. Discussion and conclusion: These indicate that the active recovery methods are more effective than the passive. It was found that the active recovery methods accelerate the lactate removal from the metabolism and provide effective recovery in short time during the recovery period after exercise.