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    A Roman Provincial Coin Hoard from Sinope
    (Royal Numismatic Society, 2021) Oyarçin, Kasim; Girgin, Ayhan
    The hoard presented here was found in a burnt and shattered container on the upper level of the eastern wall of a large structure in Sinope, which was probably used as a residence, during rescue excavations carried out by the Sinop Archaeological Museum in 2015. The hoard consisted of 162 bronze coins, 27 of which were illegible due to their poor condition. Of the remainder, 134 were determined to be Roman colonial coins of Sinope, with 1 coin from Trapezus struck under Gordian III in AD 238. The Sinope coins range from AD 159 (Antoninus Pius) to AD 259 (joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus). The hoard is significant since it contains unpublished coin samples and was found in a fire layer. The hoard likely comes from a destruction phase that occurred in the city due to the invasions of the Goths; it might have been hidden or dropped in panic as a response to the urgent situation in AD 259 or a little afterwards. © 2021 Royal Numismatic Society. All rights reserved.
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    Nemesis Representation on Roman Provincial Coins of the Paphlagonia Region
    (Ondokuz Mayis University, 2023) Girgin, Ayhan
    The Goddess Nemesis, both as an abstract concept and as a divine being, symbolizes divine anger against people’s presumptuous, outrageous behavior and excessive wealth. Nemesis is associated with symbols such as cubit, bridle, wheel, scales, globe, scepter, sword, whip, and Griffon. The goddess was worshiped both in the capital and the provinces during the Roman Imperial Period and was considered the protector of military training areas and victorious generals, especially actors, athletes, and gladiators. The depiction of Nemesis is found on the coins of six cities in the Paphlagonia Region: Amastris, Gangra/Germanikopolis, Ionopolis/Abonoteikhos, Pompeiopolis, Sinope and Tieion/Tium. Three main types of Nemesis were identified on these coins: The Standing Nemesis, Winged Nemesis, and In-Temple Nemesis types. The earliest coin of the Paphlagonia Region with the Nemesis representation belongs to the Domitian period, while the latest one belongs to the Gallien period. The depictions of Nemesis on the coins of this region emphasize her balancing and punishing feature, her symbol of victory and peace, and distributor of justice, and her identity as a protector in these cities. This study examined Nemesis’ representation on the coins minted by six cities in the Paphlagonia Region during the Roman Imperial Period. The conclusion emphasized why Nemesis was preferred over the coins of Paphlagonia, and the frequent depiction of the goddess on the coins of the region was attributed to the widespread Nemesis worship in the region.