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    Stereological examination of curcumin's effects on hippocampal damage caused by the anti-epileptic drugs phenobarbital and valproic acid in the developing rat brain
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2019) Yilmaz, Burcu Demirel; Eren, Banu; Sagir, Dilek; Eren, Zafer; Gokce, Ayse Basardi
    The anti-epileptic drugs phenobarbital and valproic acid have an extremely strong negative effect on cognitive processes such as learning and memory in the developing brain. We examined whether or not curcumin has protective effects on neuronal injury caused by these drugs in the developing rat brain. Young male Wistar rats were studied in two groups, a 7 days old and a 14 days old group (35 rats in each). Both groups were then divided into 7 sub-groups as the control, curcumin, dimethylsulfoxide, phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenobarbital + curcumin, and valproic acid + curcumin groups (n = 5 in each group). At 24 h after the intraperitoneal injection of the compounds, the rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampal tissue was subjected to stereological analysis with the optical fractionation method. Total numbers of neurons in the hippocampus of the 7 days old and 14 days old rats were calculated. It was found that treatment with phenobarbital resulted in a loss of 43% of the neurons, and valproic acid induced a loss of 57% of the neurons in the 7 days old rats. Curcumin prevented this loss significantly with only 19% in the phenobarbital group and 41% in the valproic acid group. In the 14 days old rat groups, phenobarbital was found to reduce the number of neurons by 30%, and valproic acid reduced it by 38%. Curcumin treatment limited neuronal loss to 3% in the phenobarbital + curcumin group and 10% in the valproic acid + curcumin group. These data strongly indicate that curcumin is a protective agent and prevents hippocampal neuronal damage induced by phenobarbital and valproic acid treatment.
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    THE COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ACRIDA ANATOLICA AND PARAPHOLIDOPTERA SPINULOSA (ORTHOPTERA)
    (Mümin POLAT, 2019) Eren, Banu; Basar, Fatih; Sagir, Dilek; Yilmaz, Burcu Demirel; Mercan, Sevcan; Eren, Zafer
    Acrida anatolica and Parapholidopteraspinulosa are two different species of migratory caterpiller in the samefamily and both are threats to agriculture. They areharmful, they migrate andspread wide areas. Herbivorous Acridaanatolicahas strong chewy mouth part, mandibula is considered to be thebasic insect mouth type. Parapholidopteraspinulosa a carnivorous species, has a strong chewing gut. The purpose ofthis study is to compare the structures of the digestive tracts of these species.The digestive tract is divided into three parts, the foregut, midgut, and thehindgut. The prismatic epithelium, external circular and longitudinal muscles,connective tissue, granular structures and peritrophic membrane are the partsof the foregut. The caeceum is also found in this portion.The grasshoppers werecollected from the Ondokuz Mayis University Campus and kept in special containersand fed with wheat grass, fresh grass and with different insects. During thedissection process, the digestive tracts were removed and tissues were fixedwith 10% buffered neutral formalin solution for 24 hours. After routinehistological procedures, the sections were stained withhematoxylin-eosin (H-E).Foregut, midgut and hindgut were comparatively examined in terms of peritrophicmembrane, epithelial tissue, cell size, nucleus size, circular and longitudinalmuscles, connective tissue, regenerative cells and cellular diversity.            The knowledge of grasshopper histology and embryologywill contribute to the development of more efficient fighting with grasshoppersand the development of agricultural plant protection products.