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    Combustion Analysis of Biodiesel Derived from Bone Marrow in a Diesel Generator at Low Loads
    (2019) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayın, Cenk
    In this study, biodiesel was produced from bone marrow by transesterificationmethod. The vast majority of animal bones cannot be collected and recycled.This experimental study was carried out to incorporate unused resources in theeconomy. In this study, the effects of biodiesel produced from bone marrow oncombustion characteristics of diesel engine were investigated. The B20(mixing 20% of biodiesel and 80% diesel) and diesel (D2) were used as fuel inthe tests. The tests were carried out at constant speed (1500 rpm) and differentengine loads (20% and 40% of the maximum power output) of a diesel enginewith direct injection, four-cylinder, and four-stroke. The combustioncharacteristics of the engine, such as cylinder gas pressure, heat release rate,cumulative heat release, and mean gas temperature were determined usingcombustion analysis software (FEBRIS) under 3.6 and 7.2 kW loads. Themaximum points of cylinder gas pressures have been very close in both fuels(D2, B20) at the 3.6 kW power output. The peak pressure of the B20 raisedwith the increase of the engine load. The oxygen in the content and highercetane number of the biodiesel has raised the peak point of the heat release rate.
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    Determination of Fuel Type for Optimal Performance and Emission in a CI Engine Used Biodiesel and its Blends via Multi-Criteria Decision Making
    (2019) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayın, Cenk
    In this study, fuel type which provides optimum performance and emission in compression ignition (CI)engine used alternative fuel was determined by COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) in multicriteriadecision making (MCDM), and it was ranked from good to bad. Furthermore, the engineperformance and emission consequences obtained from the use of fuels are discussed. In the experiments,pure biodiesel, diesel, and biodiesel/diesel blend fuels at a ratio of 5, 20 and 50% by volume were used asan alternative fuel. The performance and exhaust emission characteristics of the engine have been obtainedin the tests performed at 7.2 kW power output and 1500 rpm of the constant engine speed. According toexperimental results, with the uptrend of the biodiesel ratio in the blended fuel, it has been observed thatwhile the specific fuel consumption (SFC) is enhanced to diesel, the thermal efficiency (η) is partiallyreduced. At the same time, the emissions of the nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased while the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission enhanced. Accordingto the COPRAS method, the ranking of fuels from best to worst was calculated as B5>B20>B50>B0>B100.
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    Operational evaluation of thermal barrier coated diesel engine fueled with biodiesel/diesel blend by using MCDM method base on engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Aydin, Selman; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, Cenk
    In this study, engine operating conditions which given the best result in terms of performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics in a thermal barrier coated (TBC) diesel engine, which was covered with ceramic on combustion chamber elements, were determined by multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. It was also included in the optimization of the data obtained from the uncoated (standard) engine (STD) in order to better evaluate the TBC engine. In the experimental study, diesel, pure biodiesel derived from cotton oil frying waste and biodiesel/diesel blend fuels (5, 20 and 50% by volume) were used as fuel. In optimization, operational competitiveness rating (OCRA) was preferred as a MCDM. The experimental data, which included a total of six hundred data, in TBC and STD engines fueled biodiesel and its blends were used in optimization. According to the optimization result, the best results in terms of engine performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics were generally obtained from the TBC engine. According to the optimization sequence, the ranking obtained from the TBC engine were observed to be ahead of the STD engine at all engine speeds. It was also found that the best results were concentrated at engine speeds of 1800 rpm and 2100 rpm. The best result was achieved by using B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel) in TBC engine at 1800 rpm. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics obtained under these optimum operating parameters (OOP) were also compared with those of the STD engine fueled with B0 and B100. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Performance, emission and combustion characteristic assessment of biodiesels derived from beef bone marrow in a diesel generator
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Aydin, Selman; Sayin, Cenk
    This paper discusses the performance, exhaust emissions and combustion of a diesel generator fueled with two different biodiesels, and their blends. In the experiments, animal fat biodiesel (AFB) obtained from beef bone marrow, vegetable oil biodiesel (VOB) derived from safflower/canola oil mixture, and ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) were used as pure. In addition, 50% by volume of AFB was mixed with ULSD (AFB50), and 50% by volume of VOB was mixed with ULSD (VOB50). All engine tests were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm for three different diesel generator loads (3.6, 7.2, and 10.8 kW). According to the results, when the AFB and its blend were used as fuel in a diesel generator, it was determined that cylinder gas pressure (CP) and net heat release rate (HRR) values were higher, and raised earlier in all loads compared with VOB and ULSD. Moreover, the values of mean gas temperature (MGT) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) were increased with the use of AFB compared to other test fuels, whereas thermal efficiency (TE), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro carbon (HC) emission decreased in general. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was also higher than ULSD, but remained lower than VOB. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was found to show a similar change in all types of fuel. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The best fuel selection with hybrid multiple-criteria decision making approaches in a CI engine fueled with their blends and pure biodiesels produced from different sources
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Aydin, Selman; Sayin, Cenk
    In engine tests where the feasibility of alternative fuels is being investigated, the results of the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions should be considered as a whole. It is difficult to determine the optimal parameters due to a large number of results obtained in multi-variable experiments. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are preferred in solving such problems to energy management and energy efficiency. This paper deals with an application of a novel hybrid MCDM technique is suggested to select the optimum fuel for the compression ignition (CI). Five academicians who are an expert in the field of CI engines are selected to set criteria in the MCDM. Engine tests carried out at the constant engine speed and the resistive load of 10.8 kW in the generator-engine set. The results were used in the MCDM process. In this study, the hybrid models which are SWARA-MOORA, and ANP-MOORA has been preferred as the MCDM methods. The best fuel choice was made from fuels such as animal fat biodiesel (AFB), vegetable oil biodiesel (VOB), diesel fuel and the blend fuels. According to results, it was determined that the best fuel is VOB20 in both hybrid methods according to the determined criteria. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The determination of the best operating parameters for a small SI engine fueled with methanol gasoline blends
    (Elsevier, 2021) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Temur, Mustafa; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarikaya, Murat; Sayin, Cenk
    It is extremely important to ensure a clean and sustainable energy supply due to the decreasing fossil energy resources, their increasing costs and irreversible damages on the ecological balance. Considering this situation, this study focuses on the determination of the best operating parameters for a small spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with methanol/gasoline blend (M5, M10, M15 and M20). Moreover, operating conditions are optimized according to different weights between performance and emission. In the first stage of the study, engine tests were carried out at different loads (10 and 20 Nm) and compression ratios (CR) (7:1, 8:1 and 9:1) and the changes in engine performance and exhaust emissions were presented. In addition, these experimental results were used in optimization. According to the engine test results, performance and emissions of small SI engine were generally improved with increasing the methanol ratio in the blend fuels under all experimental conditions. When exhaust emissions were evaluated, it was observed that M20 was more favorable than gasoline if it was used in CR of 9:1 in a small SI engine. In the second stage of the study, the effect of experimental variables on the experimental results was statistically investigated with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of ANOVA analysis showed that all experimental variables were statistically significant for both engine performance and exhaust emissions. In the last stage of the study, the operating conditions of the engine were optimized according to eleven different weight ratios between performance and emissions, with a multi-criteria decision-making method based on grey relational analysis (GRA). According to the optimization results, the most suitable operating parameters were presented to the readers with regard to the desired weight ratio in engine performance and exhaust emission. The presented optimization model can be used for the design of electronic fuel systems for alternative fuel engines. Moreover, suitable engine parameters determined according to the selected weight ratio can also be adjusted structurally in the engine.
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    The effect on the knock intensity of high viscosity biodiesel use in a DI diesel engine
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Erdogan, Sinan; Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Sayin, Cenk
    In this study, the effect of usage of biodiesel fuel with higher viscosity on the engine knock intensity was investigated. The animal biodiesel (AB) and the vegetable biodiesel (VB) were used as fuel in the study. It was seen that the AB had a high viscosity, while the viscosity of VB is within the limits determined by the standards (EN 14214 and ASTM D6751). In the engine tests carried out at constant engine speed and high load, ringing intensity (RI) and knock intensity values were found with in-cylinder pressure data obtained from three fuel types. In addition, the in-cylinder gas pressure, heat release rate and cumulative heat release curves for the three fuel types are presented. According to the results, the effects of high viscosity biodiesel usage on these values were found to be limited. It was also observed that the RI was lower than that of D2 and higher than that of VB.
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    The optimization of engine operating parameters via SWARA and ARAS hybrid method in a small SI engine using alternative fuels
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Balki, Mustafa Kemal; Erdogan, Sinan; Aydin, Selman; Sayin, Cenk
    In most countries, mandatory emission norms have been established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the production and use of diesel engines with high emissions have been prohibited in some countries. For this reason, spark ignition (SI) engines have become important. Research on the use of renewable energy sources and the development of energy-efficient engines is increasing in terms of sustainability. It is known that alcohol fuels with high knock resistance than gasoline generate higher engine efficiency under different engine operating conditions. In this study, it is determined that the optimum operating parameters of an SI engine fueled with pure ethanol and methanol as an alternative fuel in terms of performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The engine tests were used an air-cooled and single-cylinder small SI engine. The engine has been set to three different ignition timing/advance (IT), compression ratio (CR) and air excess coefficient (AEC), and tested in varied combinations. In a total of eighty-one different test conditions, the engine was operated at the full-throttle opening and at engine speed at 2400 rpm with test fuels, and then performance emission and combustion data were obtained. The optimal operating parameters are determined with a multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM) using a total of seven hundred twenty-nine experimental data. For this purpose, SWARA-ARAS (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis-Additive Ratio Assessment) hybrid method is preferred. According to the results, the optimum working parameters were found to be 9.0:1 of CR, 1.1 of AEC, and 20 degrees crankshaft angle (CA) of IT in the use of pure methanol fuel. In addition, the top ten rankings entering the operating parameters are presented in the article. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.