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Öğe An important species for Black Sea biodiversity: Some population characteristics of invasive sea vase ( Ciona intestinalis Linnaeus, 1767) distributed on the Sinop shores(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2024) Birinci Ozdemir, Zekiye; Aydemir Cil, Eylem; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Duyar, Hunkar AvniThis study aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the fundamental biological and certain population characteristics of Ciona intestinalis found along the Black Sea coasts of T & uuml;rkiye. The research was conducted between September 2022 and 15th, 2023, off the Sinop coast of the Black Sea, utilizing samples collected by commercial fishing vessels in the region. A total specimens of C. intestinalis were examined during the study. The average total length, width, and weight of C. intestinalis were +/- 0.089 cm, 1.967 +/- 0.054 cm, and 2.004 +/- 0.067 g, respectively. The length-weight relationship (LWR) and length-width relationship (LWdR) of C. intestinalis were established as W = 0.3996L1.2424 (R = 0.9389), Wd = 0.5362L + 0.0237 (R = 0.8897), and W = 0.9443Wd1.0889 (R = 0.8786), respectively. This study presents, for the first time, the LWR, LWdR, and WdWR for C. intestinalis, a species of significant importance in the benthic ecosystem of the Black Sea. It is anticipated that this research will lay the groundwork for future investigations into the population dynamics and biological aspects of this species.Öğe Antimicrobial packaging(Ege Univ, 2008) Kaba, Nilgun; Duyar, Hunkar AvniAntimicrobial packaging is one of the many applications of active packaging. It is the packaging system which can stop or inhibit spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms contaminating foods. Antimicrobial function can be accomplished by adding antimicrobial agents in the packaging system or using antimicrobial polymers that answer conventional packaging requirements. When the packaging system gains antimicrobial activity, the packaging system or material limits or stops microbial growth by extending the lag period and decreasing the growth rate or live counts of microorganisms.Öğe Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on the Microbiological, Chemical and Sensorial Quality of Smoked Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) Stored in Vacuumed Packets at Refrigerator Temperature (+4°C)(Adem Yavuz Sonmez, 2019) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Kalayci, Zafer Hakan; Bilgin, SabriIn this study, the effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on the microbiological, chemical and sensorial quality of smoked Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) stored in vacuumed packets at refrigerator temperature (+4 degrees C) were investigated. The results of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB - N) in control group (without garlic contains 10% salt) showed that the product reached the limit of consumable value on the 43rd day (TVB - N = 36.45 +/- 1.133 mg / 100 g) and on the 67th day in the garlic group (with 2% garlic contains 10% salt) (TVB - N = 35.69 +/- 1.026 mg / 100 g) (P < 0.05). It was observed that garlic group values were higher than control group in terms of sensory analysis (texture, appearance, odour and taste). However, it was determined that the value of taste did not fall below the consumable value in both groups. These results showed that the shelf life of smoked Atlantic Mackerel was 24 days longer with garlic application and the garlic supplement increased both the shelf life of the product and gave sensory appreciation to the product.Öğe Effects of floods resulting from climate change on metal concentrations in whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and health risk assessment(Springer, 2023) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Bayrakli, Baris; Altuntas, MutluIn this research, the effect of flooding caused by heavy precipitation, postulated to be one of the consequences of climate change, on toxic metal concentrations in two demersal fish species, whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus), was investigated. For both demersal fish species, concentrations of Hg, Fe, Cd, Pb, Se, Al, Zn, Cu, Sr, B, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ba, and Li were compared between samples taken from Turkeli, Sinop, Black Sea, before and after the flood event in August 2021. Hg, Mn, Se, Li, B, and Sr metal concentrations increased in whiting and in red mullet in the post-flood samples. Estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, cancer risk, the maximum allowable daily consumption rate and minimum daily requirements, and health risk analyses indicated that daily consumption of whiting and red mullet was risky due to the heavy metal Hg level after the flood. In addition, it was found that the samples had higher levels of Se than Hg, Se/Hg ratios were above 1, and Se-HBV were positive. Therefore, whiting and red mullet fishing should be restricted for a limited time period in the region.Öğe Fatty Acid Profiles of Fish Oil Derived by Different Techniques from By-products of Cultured Black Sea Salmon, Oncorhynchus mykiss(Ankara Univ, Fac Agriculture, 2023) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Bayrakli, BarisThis paper investigates the fatty acid profiles of fish oil extracted from by-products of cultured Black Sea salmon, Oncorhynchus mykiss, using conventional [conventional fish oil (CFO)] and dry freezing oil [dry freezer oil (DFO)] techniques. In the CFO and DFO groups, monounsaturated fatty acid + polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) comprised 74.00% and 72.68% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The highest PUFA was linoleic acid (CFO=14.22%, DFO=13.15%) with Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) being the second most concentrated fatty acid for PUFA in the CFO (8.12%) and DFO (8.02%) groups, followed by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) (CFO=4.39%, DFO=2.87%). Similarly, the difference between groups in omega -3 was statistically significant (p<0.05) and the CFO ratio was higher in the DFO. The PI, AI, TI, h/H, and UI percentages in the CFO group were 0.99, 0.37, 0.26, 2.98, and 1.73%, respectively, while in the DFO group they were 0.80, 0.35, 0.31, 2.83, and 1.61%, respectively. The findings of this study conclude that the oils obtained from Black Sea salmon by-products are rich in omega -3 fatty acids and have good lipid quality indexes.Öğe HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN DIFFERENT MARINE ORGANISM OBTAINED FROM THE BLACK SEA, TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Bilgin, SabriThis study was carried out to provide information on heavy metal concentrations in the marine organisms as two fish species (Raja clavata and Trachurus trachurus), one mussel species (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and one seaweed species (Ulva lactuca). These marine species obtained from coast of Sinop province in the Black Sea. The concentrations of 23 heavy metals (Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hg, Ti, Pb and U) were determined in the muscles of M. galloprovincialis and T. trachurus, in the whole U. lactuca and in the muscles, heart and liver of R. clavata. Twelve of the 23 metals (Be, Al, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hg, Ti, Pb and U) levels were estimated very lower values between <= 0.001 - 0.08 mg/kg in the muscles, heart and liver in R. clavata. The levels of heavy metals varied significantly in tissues of R. clavata. Statistically differences were obtained for different metals among the muscles, heart and liver. The determined highest level of metals in muscles was Na, Mg, Sr, in heart K, Fe, Se and in liver Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Hg (P < 0.05). Seven of the 23 metals levels were estimated higher values K > Na > Al > Fe > Sr > Zn > Mn in U lactuca. Five of the 23 metals levels were estimated higher values K > Na > Mg > Zn > Fe in T. trachurus. Six of the 23 metals levels were estimated higher values Na > K > Mg > Al >Fe > Sr in M. galloprovincialis. The results showed that K, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn and Al were the highest levels in the muscles of M. galloprovincialis, T. trachurus and U. lactuca. Our results showed that studied marine organism contained different mean concentrations of heavy metal in whole body and tissues. The levels of heavy metals varied significantly among fish species and tissues. As expected, muscles always possessed the lowest concentrations of heavy metal levels within accepted by the international legislation limits and are safe for human consumption.Öğe Microplastic-induced oxidative stress response in turbot and potential intake by humans(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Kokturk, Mine; Ozgeris, Fatma Betuel; Atamanalp, Muhammed; Ucar, Arzu; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Parlak, Veysel; Duyar, Hunkar AvniMicroplastic (MP) pollution has become a health concern subject in recent years. Althoughann increasing number of studies about the ingestion of microplastics by fish, research on the oxidative stress response to MPs in natural environments is quite limited. In this study, the identification and characterization of MPs in gill (G), muscle tissues (M), and gastrointestinal tract (GI) of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were evaluated. Oxidative damage of MPs on the brain (B), liver (L), gill (G), and muscle (M) tissues as well as their effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (AR) myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) biomarkers were evaluated. The potential transmission of MPs from muscle tissues to humans was examined. Results showed that gills contain the highest amounts of MPs, ethylene propylene is the most dominant polymer type, black and blue are the most common MP color, fiber is the most common shape, and 50-200 mu m is the most common MP size. Results showed that MPs cause oxidative stress of tissues with inhibiting effect on enzyme activities and promoting impact on lipid peroxidation. The oxidative damage mostly affected the liver (detoxification organ) followed by gill tissue. The intake of MPS in the European Union was estimated by EFSA as 119 items/year, while in Turkey it is 47.88 items/year. This study shows that more research is needed in terms of ecosystem health and food chain safety. The risk assessment of MPs in living organisms and environmental matrices including food safety and human health should be considered a public health issue.Öğe Microplastics in Tissues (Brain, Gill, Muscle and Gastrointestinal) of Mullus barbatus and Alosa immaculata(Springer, 2021) Atamanalp, Muhammed; Kokturk, Mine; Ucar, Arzu; Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Parlak, Veysel; Esenbuga, NurinisaThe researches on MPs in commercial marine fish are very limited although in marine environments microplastic (MPs) pollution is a global problem. In this study, the presence, composition, and characterization of MPs in different tissues (brain, gill, muscle, and gastrointestinal tract) of commercial fish species [red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and pontic shad (Alosa immaculata Bennett 1835)] from the Black Sea were investigated. M. barbatus (demersal) and A. immaculata (pelagic) fish were preferred in the selection of fish species in order to represent demersal and pelagic environments. After dissected the fish, MPs were obtained from the tissues by extraction using the flotation method; then the MPs were counted and categorized according to shape, size, and color. The composition of the MPs was determined via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. In terms of microplastic abundance in fish tissues, the gastrointestinal tract (40.0%) ranked first in both fish species, while the lowest MPs density was determined in brain tissues (7.0%). After the gastrointestinal tissue, gills were identified as the second tissue with the highest MPs density. Regardless of fish species, MPs characterization was mainly fibrous (51.0%), black colored (49.0%), and 50-200 mu m in size (55.0%). Among the nine different polymers determined, polychloroprene (18.8%) and polyamide (15.0%) were found most frequently. This research provides data for tissue-based assessment of MPs in fish. The obtained data showed that MPs (one of the anthropogenic pollutants) are quite high in all tissues regardless of fish species. Moreover, it has emerged that these two fish species are suitable for monitoring microplastics in the study area.Öğe Seasonal Variation in Biochemical Composition of the Veined Rapa Whelk, Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) Caugth By Beam Trawl (Algarna) in The Black Sea(Centivens Inst Innovative Research-Ciir, 2016) Bayrakli, Baris; Ozdemir, Suleyman; Duyar, Hunkar AvniThis study was conducted to determine the seasonal variation in biochemical composition of the veined rapa whelk, Rapana venosa caugth by beam trawl (Algarna) in the Blach Sea. R. venosa samples were obtained from fishermen who fishing off Yakakent at Samsun province in the Black Sea between December 2014 and November 2015. Homogenised dired veined rapa whelk meats were used for crude protein, crude oil and crude ash analyzes. Mean crude ash values was the highest in winter (2.91 +/- 0.134%) and the lowest in spring (2.37 +/- 0.051%) (P<0.05). The mean lipid values were not statistically difference among the seasons (one way ANOVA, P > 0.05). The mean crude protein values were also not statistically difference among the seasons (P>0.05). Mean dry matter values was the highest value in winter (31.33 +/- 0.448%) and the lowest in spring (30.01 +/- 0.280%). The dry matter values in winter was also statistically higher than spring (P<0.05). Food availability, plankton composition, temperature, reproduction activities, analysed tissues such as gonad, digestive gland, foot and mantle are the importent factors effect the biochemical composition of rapana. Thus, these factors should be take into account in the future studies.Öğe The effect of different extraction methods and pre-treatments on agar yield and physico-chemical properties of Gelidium latifolium (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Sinop Peninsula Coast of Black Sea, Turkey(Springer, 2018) Ogretmen, Ozen Yusuf; Duyar, Hunkar AvniThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of different pre-treatments and extractions methods on the yield and quality of agar extracted from Gelidium latifolium Bornet ex Hauck from the coast of Sinop Peninsula, Turkey, and to evaluate its potential as an economic source of agar for industrial applications. The different extraction methods including autoclave, water bath, and water bath plus magnetic stirrer were tested with various pre-treatments (no treatment, waiting for 15 h in pure water, washing with 80% ethanol). The agar yield and physico-chemical properties (gelling and melting temperature, pH, viscosity, and ash, and sulfate contents) were evaluated at the optimal extraction conditions. The highest agar yield (%) was recorded with the water bath plus magnetic stirrer extraction method (45.79 +/- 0.85% of dry wt), while the lowest yield was recorded with the autoclave extraction method (37.29 +/- 0.76%). The gelling and melting temperatures ranged between 39.06 +/- 0.26 and 37.16 +/- 0.16 degrees C, and 94.8 +/- 0.29 and 79.5 +/- 0.50 degrees C, respectively. The highest crude ash content was recorded with water bath plus magnetic stirrer extraction method (3.36 +/- 0.11%). The pH values ranged between 6.69 +/- 0.11 and 5.17 +/- 0.47. The agar viscosity ranged from 281.33 +/- 1.33 to 133.33 +/- 1.33 mPa s and total sulfate content was between 3.02 +/- 0.25 and 0.54 +/- 0.11%. The agar extracted from G. latifollium from Turkey seems to have potential industries applications considering its higher yield, desirable gelling and melting properties, optimum pH, ash, and sulfate content.Öğe The Effect of Vacuum Packing and Corn Zein Edible Film Coating on Shelf Life of Atlantic Bonito, Sarda sarda, Stored in Refrigerator Temperature(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Gargaci, Aysun; Yucel, YaseminThis study was conducted to determine the effect of vacuum packing and corn (Zea mays) zein edible film coating on shelf life of Atlantic bonito, (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), stored in refrigerator temperature. KV (control vacuum) vacuumed without any procedure, Z (zein) group is coated with zein, and ZV (zein+vacuum) group is vacuum-coated after being coated with zein. To determine shelf life, proximate composition analyzes, sensory analysis, chemical quality control analyzes (total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N and thiobarbituric acid, TBA analyzes), water activity, microbiological analyzes (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, TMAB and total psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, TPAB analyzes) were performed in two replicates and three parallels. At the end of the study, the shelf life of Atlantic bonito was determined to be 6 days for Z group, 9 days for KV group and 13 days for ZV group.Öğe Weight and Length Relationships (WLRs) and Meat Yield of Brown Garden Snail, Helix aspersum Muller, 1774 and Turkish Snail, Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Helicidae) in the Sinop Province, Turkey(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2018) Duyar, Hunkar Avni; Bilgin, Ozlem; Bilgin, SabriThe present work carried out on the length - weight relationship of two commercially important mollusks Helix aspersa and Helix lucorum were analyzed from Sinop province in the Central Black Sea region climate, Turkey. Totally 86 specimens of H. aspersa and 67 specimens of H. lucorum were collected for this study in 5 April 2018. Parameters of the shell length and weight (W) relationship by using the formula W = aL(b). The weight shell height, weight - shell width and shell height - shell width results suggested that two helix species (H. aspersa and H. lucorum) showed negative growth characteristics (b<3, P<0.05). The shell height and shell width of H. lucorum was significantly (P<0.05) greater than the mean shell height and shell width of H. aspersa. The mean meat yield of H. lucorum was significantly (t- test, P<0.001) lower than the mean meat yield of H. aspersa. The present study can be use for future researches for cooperation to their results.
