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    Assessment of the sustainability and producibility of adobe constructions reinforced with Ca-based binders: Environmental life cycle analysis (LCA) and 3D printability
    (Elsevier, 2024) Genc, Gokhan; Demircan, Ruya Kilic; Beyhan, Figen; Kaplan, Gokhan
    This study investigated the usability of adobe samples reinforced with calcium-based binders in a 3D-printed technique. These adobe samples' physical, mechanical, durability and microstructure characteristics were investigated and their 3D printability characteristics experimentally. In the case of adobe production by 3D -print-ing method, the compressive strength decreased by 9-33 % compared to mold casting. While the thermal con-ductivity coefficient of adobe samples varied between 0.833 and 1.421 W/mK, the thermal conductivity was reduced by 43 % thanks to the preference for gypsum. Within the scope of the LCA analysis, the slightest effect in terms of environmental damage was observed in mixtures containing gypsum compared to cement and slaked lime mixtures. As a result, it was determined that adobe's physical and mechanical characteristics could be improved by using gypsum, lime and cement, and these mixtures can be used in 3D-printing. It was determined that more sustainable adobe production is possible with gypsum and lime.
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    Evaluation of the Structural Balance of Large Scale Historical Castle and City Walls Under Environmental Effects By Analytical Methods
    (Gazi Univ, 2022) Demircan, Ruya Kilic; Unay, Ali Ihsan
    Some of the historical buildings that bear witnesses of civilizations and repercussion of cultures have defeated by all the negative effects of time and this time period but some of them still shed light on the present day.Examples of castle-type historical structures that challenge centuries were generally built in different forms and purposes than other types of structures. It is known that they are heavier and more durable than other structures for their construction purposes. Historical structures such as mosques, churches and bridges, expressed in a form, have structural elements such as columns, beams, vaults, domes, arches. Generally, it is easier to comment on the structural behavior of these types of structures with structural behavior theories. However, when interpreting about the structural behaviors of buildings with heavy mass, such as castle, not having a specific, regular form, it is necessary to proceed systematically in line with the basic principles of engineering. The purpose of this article is the systematic interpretation of the structural balance of the castle-type heavy mass structures under environmental effects by finite element calculation method. Three basic form in finite element modeling, rectangular, hexagonal and circular geometry samples of tower, are modeled in SAP 2000 finite element package program. The effect of time-dependent material loss of these three forms on the structure was analyzed by gradual linear static analysis.
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    High temperature resistant restoration mortar with fly ash and GGBFS
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Demircan, Ruya Kilic; Kaplan, Gokhan; Celik, Damla Nur
    Nowadays, the development of sustainable building materials is of loom large in for the preserve resources and reducing CO2 emission and environmental pollution effects. Exposure to fire or other high temperatures of mortars produced with calcium-based binders (cement or hydraulic lime) adversely affects their mechanical properties. In addition, the effect of high temperature may cause a change in the pore structures, causing cracking and spalling. Protecting the integrity of historical buildings exposed to high temperatures is important for cultural sustainability. In this study, natural hydraulic lime (NHL) used as a binder in mortars was replaced with 15, 30 and 60% fly ash (FA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). In the mixtures, 1.5% (by volume) polypropylene fiber (PF) was also used. Test results reveal that while the mortars' workability increased as the FA and GBFS content increased, PF decreased the flow diameters of the mortars. It has been determined that the paste content affects the porosity and water absorption rates of mortars. With the addition of FA content, paste content increased and porosity reduced. Compressive strength over 10 MPa was obtained by using 30% FA in 90-day lime mortars. As the addition of GBFS, the compressive and flexural strength were negatively affected. PF has reduced the porosity and water penetration depth of the mortars thanks to its micro filler effect. FA-based mixtures were more resistant to high temperatures than GBFS-based mixtures. Compressive strength was measured between 4.3 and 8.6 MPa after 600 degrees C temperature in FA-based mixtures. In fibrous mixtures, increment of mass loss was more with high temperature. C-S-H gels were observed in XRD and SEM analyzes of mortars exposed to high temperatures. PF was observed in stereomicroscope images of mixtures exposed to 200 degrees C. Since the porosity of the mortars is relatively high (19.7%-30.8%), the PF in the mixtures exposed to 200 degrees C did not melt completely but was damaged. As a result, it would be more appropriate to use 30% of FA and 15% of GBFS in NHL mortars.
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    Innovative solutions on ductility and bearing capacity: Strengthening flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams with recycled face mask fibers
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Ozdemir, Anil; Bozyigit, Baran; Demircan, Ruya Kilic; Mercimek, Omer; Celik, Damla Nur; Akkaya, Sercan Tuna; Kaplan, Gokhan
    This study investigates the effects of fibers derived from disposable face masks on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mask fibers were compared with commonly used synthetic fibers such as glass, basalt and polypropylene to evaluate structural elements' bearing capacity, ductility and energy absorption capacities. In the experimental study, five different BA beams were investigated by applying a four-point bending test, and the experimental test results were verified using finite element analysis (FEA) with ABAQUS software. The test results show that the fibers obtained from the mask increase the bearing capacity by 6 %, improve the ductile behavior of the beams, and increase the energy absorption capacity up to 80 % after the load-carrying capacity reaches its maximum. An increase of up to 40 % in energy absorption capacity was observed. This demonstrates that mask fibers enable reinforced concrete beams to absorb more energy under deformation. It was also found that the fibers obtained from the mask exhibited similar performance with polypropylene fibers. Still, the effect of glass and basalt fibers on the bearing capacity was higher. The study results show that mask waste can be used in reinforced concrete elements as a sustainable and innovative building material. Both experimental and finite element results prove that mask fibers improve the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams and contribute to environmental sustainability. Reusing mask waste in the construction industry has significant environmental and economic potential.
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    The effect of animal and synthetic fibers on the physico-mechanical durability and microstructure properties of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars
    (Elsevier, 2023) Demircan, Ruya Kilic; Tayeh, Bassam A.; Celik, Damla Nur; Kaplan, Gokhan; Tobbala, Dina E.
    This paper aims to study the effect of adding horsehair (HH), polypropylene (PF), carbon (CF), basalt (BF) and glass fibers (GF) on the physico-mechanical durability and microstructure properties of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars (NHL). The studied fibers were added to the mixture at 0.3 %, 0.6 %, and 1.2 % by weight of NHL and compared with plain NHL mortar. The workability (flow diameter test), physical (dry bulk density and water absorption), compressive strength (f(c)) and flexural strength (f(f)) (at 7 and 28 days) were tested. The durability was tested by water penetration depth (Wd), NaCl and Na2SO4 salt crystallization and exposure to the wetting-drying (W-D) cycles in Na2SO4, as proved by XRD. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of samples after 28 days of curing. From the results, it can be concluded that HH3 (0.3 % fiber) has the highest dry density (1794 kg/m(3)), fc and f(f) at 28-days (13.3 and 4.2 MPa), and resistance of all salt crystallization tested, smallest water absorption percentage (16.2 %), and water penetration depth (38.23 mm) of all mortars. On the other hand, it can be noted that adding synthetic types of fibers reduced the dry density and increased water absorption. The XRD explained that immersion or exposure to (W-D) cycles of Na2SO4 has a worse effect on hydration than NaCl exposure. The SEM shows that fiber-filled lime mortar's mechanical properties and durability are improved through the conductive network, especially HH, which had a large diameter with a rough surface and indicated a sufficient level of adhesion with the matrix.