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    Optimization of surface water microfiltration with hydraulic and chemically enhanced backwashing
    (Elsevier, 2025) Ozturk, Deniz; Bernardi, Francesca; Cogan, N. G.; Gupta, Kunal; Chellam, Shankararaman
    Short-term microfiltration (MF) fouling is commonly abated by periodically reversing the flow to remove foulants that weakly adhered to the membrane. Strong oxidants (i.e., chlorine) can be added to hydraulic backwash water to augment its efficacy-a process called chemically enhanced backwashing (CEB). Herein, we report a rigorous mathematical model for constant flux MF incorporating hydraulic backwashing and CEB, and validate it with laboratory data obtained using untreated and alum-coagulated water from the Foss Reservoir in Oklahoma, USA. We implemented an optimal control procedure and used it to predict MF behavior long past experimental timescales. We identified a frequency threshold beyond which the necessary transmembrane pressure (TMP) reached an asymptotic value, indicating a pseudo steady-state, periodic solution to the model when coupling hydraulic backwashing with CEB. We report differences in TMP saturation values and timescales by simulating transient MF of untreated and pretreated water. Numerical simulations revealed that the operating flux could be increased 10-fold after pretreatment (compared with raw water) before reaching the maximum manufacturer-recommended pressure for the hollow-fibers. The predicted higher flux and extended duration between cleaning-in-place demonstrated advantages of coagulation pretreatment under hydraulic backwashing and CEB. Model observations could guide decision making for CEB timing and frequency.