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    Effects of cocoon incubation angle on hatching success of medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Ceylan, Mustafa; Kucukkara, Ramazan; Karatas, Emin
    Protocols for hirudiculture have not been fully established; many issues need to be investigated. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the cocoon incubation angle (CIA) on hatching success in hirudiculture, using leech species of Hirudo verbana. Cocoons were individually incubated in jars at three different angles, horizontally (0 & DEG;), angled (45 & DEG;), and vertically (90 & DEG;) for one month. The rot in cocoons, which was 17.5% in cocoons incubated horizontally, decreased gradually as the CIA increased, was 2.5% in cocoons incubated vertically. The average number of offspring obtained from cocoons increased as the CIA increased. The optimum CIA was determined to be 78.73 & DEG; and 60.63 & DEG; for the lowest rot in cocoons and the highest number of offspring, respectively. The present study revealed that although not statistically significant the CIA is a variable affecting the hatching success of medicinal leeches during the incubation period. This result is thought to be because the air ventilation inside the cocoons is more efficient in cocoons positioned at an angle or in a vertical position compared to cocoons incubated in a horizontal position. For profitable hirudiculture, we recommend that cocoons be positioned at an angle close to vertically, more than 60 & DEG; during incubation.
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    Effects of mammalian blood with different glucose levels on reproduction, growth and survival of the southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820
    (Elsevier, 2022) Karatas, Emin; Ceylan, Mustafa; Dernekbasi, Seval
    Medicinal leeches are generally fed using pure mammalian blood. In the present study repro-duction, growth and survival of medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) fed by mammalian blood with modified glucose level were investigated for the first time. Leeches were fed by cattle blood in a final glucose level of 152 mg/dL (control group; Glucose-free), 200 mg/dL (G200 group), 300 mg/dL (G300 group), 500 mg/dL (G500 group), 750 mg/dL (G750 group), 1000 mg/dL (G1000 group), 2500 mg/dL (G2500 group) and 5000 mg/dL (G5000 group) with the addition of D -Glucose Monohydrate. Greatest growth performance was determined in the G2500 group with a specific growth rate of 2.34% (final body weight: 10.37 & PLUSMN; 3.86 g) (P < 0.05). A quadratic increase was observed in the body weight values of the leeches depending on the glucose dose (Plinear and Pquadratic < 0.05). The greatest survival and gravidity rates were 89% and 38%, respectively, in the G750 group (P < 0.05). The increased glucose level caused a sharp decrease in the survival and gravidity rates of leeches. The glucose level did not significantly effected the cocoon and offspring productivity (P > 0.05). According to the broken line model, optimum glucose levels based on growth, survival rate and gravidity rate were 2461 mg/dL, 750.0 mg/dL and 749.9 mg/dL, respectively. The study showed that, although the optimum growth performance was obtained in the G2500 group, blood with glucose level of 750 mg/dL should be used for profitable medicinal leech culture considering survival and gravidity rates.
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    Growth, survival and reproduction of the Turkish medicinal leech, Hirudo sulukii
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Ceylan, Mustafa; Kucukkara, Ramazan; Erbatur, Ismail; Karatas, Emin; Tunc, Meryem; Saglam, Naim
    The present study aimed to investigate growth, survival and reproduction of the Turkish medicinal leech, Hirudo sulukii, endemic to Southeastern Anatolia and whose biology is poorly understood. In comparison with the Southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, which has a wide distribution throughout Eurasia, H. sulukii grew faster until the fourth month, then growth increased significantly in favour of H. verbana. At the beginning of gravidity, high mortality occurred in specimens of H. sulukii not transferred to moist peat, the cocoon deposition area. Gravidity occurred in almost all (98%) H. sulukii adults, but was detected in only 60% of H. verbana adults. Unlike the growing period, survival rate was greater in H. sulukii during the reproductive period. Gravidity and cocoon laying periods lasted longer in H. sulukii, which continued reproductive activity even in colder conditions. There were more and smaller sized cocoons having higher deformation rate in H. sulukii. Likewise, fewer and larger offspring having lower morphological abnormality were observed in cocoons having lower hatchling rates in H. sulukii. Collectively, our findings reveal that H. sulukii reaches adult size relatively early, continues its reproduction in cold conditions and displays high reproductive performance, thus making it a strong candidate for leech aquaculture.
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    Synthesis, crystal structure, theoretical chemical activitiy, electrophilicity-based charge transfer (ECT) with DNA bases and molecular docking studies of 2-amino-4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[H]quinoline-3-carbonitrile
    (Elsevier, 2023) Uzun, Serap; Kelesoglu, Zeynep; Koc, Esra; Ceylan, Mustafa
    In this study, the title compound is synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction method, FT-IR, UV-Vis, TGA and NMR spectroscopy. The crystal packing is mainly controlled by N-H...N, C-H...N hy-drogen bonds and C-H...pi interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the presence of intermolecular interactions in the crystal. All theoretical computations (NBO, FMOs, MEP, FF, ECT) are calculated by Den-sity Functional Theory (DFT) at B3LYP level by using 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions, charge delocalization was analyzed by using natural bond or-bital analysis (NBO). Also, the interactions between the title molecule and DNA bases are investigated by using the ECT (electrophilicity-based charge transfer) method. Calculations show that the title molecule interacts with the guanine more than other DNA bases. Furthermore, the interactions states between the guanine DNA (PDB:4ENM) and the studied molecule is determined by molecular docking study.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    X-ray, DFT (Chemical activity, Charge transfer and Non-linear optical properties) and Spectroscopic Studies on 2-amino-4-(4-bromophenyl)-5,6[H]quinoline-3-carbonitrile (I) and 2-amino-4-(2-bromophenyl)-5,6[H]quinoline-3-carbonitrile (II)
    (Elsevier, 2022) Uzun, Serap; Demircioglu, Zeynep; Koc, Esra; Ceylan, Mustafa
    yyy The title compounds of (I) and (II) have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Solid state crystal structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction technique. The Hirshfeld and 2D fingerprint analyses are used to investigate the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure. The molecular geometries have also been optimized by using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) methods with the 6-31 + G(d,p) basis set and geometric parameters have been compared with the experimental datas. Additionally, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), chemical activity parameters, non-linear optical (NLO) properties, ECT analysis of the title compounds have been investigated. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.