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    Microplastic pollution along the southeastern Black Sea
    (Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2020) Aytan, Ulgen; Senturk, Yasemen; Esensoy, F. Basak; Oztekin, Aysah; Agirbas, Ertugrul; Valente, Andre
    Within the scope of TUBITAK 118Y125 project, microplastic pollution was investigated at the coastal areas of the mouth of several rivers in the southeastern Black Sea, namely the rivers Karasu, Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak, Melet, Aksu, Degirmendere and Firtina. Here we present results of the first cruise that occurred during July 2019. At each station, samples were collected from surface waters with manta trawl, from several depths with Niskin bottles and from sediments with box core. Microplastics were characterized using optical microscopy, FT-IR and SEM/EDS in terms of size, morphology and chemistry. Surface microplastic concentration ranged between 1.783 and 40.03 par.m(-3) (0.178x10(6)-4x10(6) par. km(-2)). The primary shapes were fragments (49%), followed by films (31.3%), fibres (17.7%), foams (1.9%) and beads (0.1%). Twelve different colours of microplastics were detected in surface waters with the most common colour being white (34.3%), followed by transparent (28.9%) and blue (11.8%). The average size was calculated as 1.540 +/- 1.065 mm, 1.984 +/- 1.022 mm, 2.076 +/- 1.205 mm, 2.302 +/- 1.225 mm and 0.670 +/- 0.245 mm for fragments, films, fibres, foams and beads, respectively. Microplastic concentrations at subsurface depths, reached up to 20 par.l(-1). An increasing MP concentration with depth was observed. Microplastic concentrations in sediment varied from 74.1 to 1778.8 par.m(-2) (0.004-0.192 par.ml(-1)). The primary shapes in the sediment were fibres (66.4%), followed by fragments (19.9%), films (13.3%) and beads (0.4%), no foam was found. Ten different colours of microplastics were found in the sediment with blue being the most common colour (40.7%) followed by red (23.5%) and transparent (15.9%). The average size was calculated as 1.253 +/- 0.954 mm, 1.035 +/- 0.429 mm, 1.358 +/- 0.892 mm, and 0.079 mm for fibres, fragments, films, and beads, respectively. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of eight polymers in surface waters and tree polymers in the sediment samples. Polyethylene and polypropylene were the most common polymers both in sea surface and in sediment. Our results confirm that microplastics were present in all matrices (surface, water column and sediment) of the Black Sea. Project results will provide data on distribution, sources and effects of microplastics required to implement the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
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    Microplastic Pollution in Turkish Aquatic Ecosystems: Sources, Characteristics, Implications, and Mitigation Strategies
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2023) Aydin, Ilhan; Terzi, Yahya; Gundogdu, Sedat; Aytan, Ulgen; Ozturk, Rafet Cagri; Atamanalp, Muhammed; Alak, Gonca
    Aquatic environments are one of the final destinations for microplastics. In this review, a combination of systematic and narrative literature review was conducted to identify and summarise advances, gaps, and future directions in microplastic monitoring studies in the Turkish aquatic environment and in inhabiting aquatic organisms. A total of 62 peer-reviewed publications available on Web of Science were considered in the systematic review. Additionally, the current state of microplastic pollution in Turkish aquatic environments which includes marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as aquatic organisms, and sources and characteristics of microplastics were reviewed narratively. Turkiye's position on the global plastic treaty and mitigation practices were also addressed. Although an increase in the number of publications over time was observed, the number and extent of studies carried out in freshwater ecosystems are limited. Strict legislation should be enacted and enforced to tackle plastic pollution in Turkiye. Additionally, nationwide, long-term monitoring studies at sufficiently regular intervals in aquatic environments should be considered.
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    Öğe
    Microplastics in bivalves in the southern Black Sea
    (Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2020) Senturk, Yasemen; Esensoy, F. Basak; Oztekin, Aysah; Aytan, Ulgen
    Presence of microplastics in five bivalve species in the southern Black Sea was investigated for the first time. Bivalve species Donax trunculus (Linnaeus 1758), Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus 1758), Abra alba (W. Wood 1802), Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguiere 1789) and Pitar rudis (Poli 1795) were collected from River Yesilirmak and River Melet mouths in June 2020. Microplastics were found in all bivalve species, except for Abra alba. A total of 92 microplastics were found in 89 individuals analysed. The average number of microplastics ranged from 1.69 to 4 mp.ind(-1). Fibres were the most common type of microplastic type in each bivalve species, followed by fragments and films. No microbead was found. The most common size class was 1-2 mm (34 %). A total of 9 different colours of microplastics were found with black and blue being the prevalent colours. Our results suggest that microplastic pollution in bivalves collected from southern Black Sea is relatively high, suggesting trophic transfer in the food web and risk for human by contaminated diets.