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Öğe A Review on Studies of Heavy Metal Determination in Mackerel and Tuna (Family-Scombridae) Fishes(Bülent VEREP, 2018) Ahmed, Quratulan; Bat, Levent; Öztekin, Aysah; Ali, Qadeer MohammadIn this review, the chemicals, some of the mostimportant of which are heavy metals and their accumulation level in Mackerels,Tunas, and Bonitos in mainly the Arabian Sea and coastland in other seas werereviewed and compared.Öğe A Review on Studies of Heavy Metal Determination in Mackerel and Tuna (FamilyScombridae) Fishes(2018) Ahmed, Quratulan; Bat, Levent; Öztekin, Aysah; Ali, Qadeer MohammadMany chemicals especially heavy metals that are exist in fish are essential for human life at low amounts, but can be toxicat high amounts. Other chemicals such as Hg, As, Cd and Pb have not any essential function in biota and are toxic even at very low amountswhen ingested for a long period. The aim of this review is to compare and evaluate heavy metal levels in commercial fish species from theArabian Sea and coastline in other seas. In this review, Mackerels, Tunas and Bonitos species, the most commercial of Scombridae family, werechosen. The state of the metal pollution levels of these fishes is revealed under the light of the literature. The chemicals, some of which are themost important heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr and Mn were chosen and their amounts in commercial fish were evaluated.Most of studies showed that essential metals in fish species are much high, but the quantities of non-essential metals in edible tissues offish are found to be less. This review has shown that fish are used as bio-monitoring in heavy metal pollution. It is suggested that suchinvestigations should be continuous in terms of both human health and determination of metal pollution of our coasts.Öğe A Study on Diet Composition and Feeding Habits of Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale, 1905 from the Northern Arabian Sea(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2025) Zohra, Kashifa; Yousuf, Farzana; Ahmed, Quratulan; Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Bilgin, Sabri; Bat, LeventThe food and feeding habits of the Sphyraena putnamae (n=381) ranging from 16 to 99 cm were investigated the Karachi coast, the Northern Arabian Sea, Pakistan. S. putnamae consumed various prey items, which were divided into three categories: teleosts, molluscs, and crustaceans. Molluscs and crustaceans were the second preferred food component rather than teleost. The major constituents of the teleost group on basis of their ascendancy, were identified to be (dorosomatids; sciaenids; leiognathids; platycephalids; engraulids; carangids; bregmacerotids; nemipterids; scombrids; and synodontids). The empty stomach ratio and stomach fullness index did not differ significantly between the sexes and size classes. The stomach fullness index of juvenile barracudas (16-29 cm in length) was significantly higher as compared to adults in the medium (30-55 cm) and large (56-99 cm) size groups. Additionally, an analysis of dietary preferences revealed that small (juvenile) barracudas (16-29 cm) primarily consumed crustaceans, while medium-sized individuals (30-55 cm) preferred mollusks, and large individuals (56-99 cm) favoured teleost. The present study provides detailed information on the feeding ecology of the S. putnamae, for the first time from the Pakistan coast that will be useful for understanding trophodynamics of species developing effective management and conservation measures, ensuring the species' long-term viability.Öğe First record of Calyptotheca alexandriensis (Cheilostomatida, Lanceoporidae) from Ras Juddi (Pasni) Makran coast, Northern Arabian Sea(Adem Yavuz SONMEZ, 2025) Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Baloch, Ateeqa; Ahmed, Quratulan; Taylor, Paul D.; Bat, LeventThe available information regarding bryozoans in coastal areas of Pakistan is limited. This research paper presents the first record of Calyptotheca alexandriensis from Ras Juddi (Pasni) along the Makran coast, and the second record globally of this species. This species was first reported in the Eastern Harbor of Alexandria, Egypt, as a distinctive deep orange erect foliaceous bryozoan and was observed abundantly on various hard substrates, such as rocks, ropes, metal pipes supporting marina piers, and ship hulls. The discovery adds a new record of the family, Lanceoporidae, and genus, Calyptotheca, to the bryozoan fauna of Pakistan, expanding its known distribution to the Northern Arabian Sea. The present specimens were collected during December 2021–October 2022 and subjected to detailed taxonomic analysis using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study contributes to the understanding of bryozoan biodiversity in the region and highlights the potential for further discoveries along the unexplored coastal areas of Pakistan. © 2025, Adem Yavuz SONMEZ. All rights reserved.Öğe First Study on the Fish Fauna and Fisheries Resources of Kalmat Khor - A Coastal Lagoon on Balochistan Coast, Pakistan (Northern Arabian Sea)(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Baloch, Azizullah; Ahmed, Quratulan; Uygun, Orcin; Bat, LeventThe research study presents first record of fish fauna and fisheries resources of Kalmat Khor during October 2020 to September 2021. A coastal lagoon with a unique and remarkable location on the coastline of Pakistan, bordering the northern Arabian Sea. The area exhibits rich aquatic biodiversity and features an excellent water body that provides spawning, feeding, and shelter grounds for economically important finfish and shellfish. Coastal lagoons and baysknown to be of excellent environmental and viable value, offering various habitats those serve as breeding, nursery, feeding, and refuge areas for numerous aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Since the Kalmat Khor is a data-deficient area, no information, published data, or reports are available hence, the present study presents a vital contribution to the scientific understanding of this coastal lagoon ecosystem.The area depicts significant socioeconomic dependence on the fishing operations conducted in Kalmat Khor. The lagoon is inhabited by 45 fish species belonging to 27 families, all of which are purely marine species. The most abundant fish species Arius maculates, Sardinella sindensis, Thryssa dussumieri, Planiliza subviridis, and Otolithes ruber and the most dominant percentage composition of fish families Dorosomatidae (14%), Carangidae (11%), and Mugilidae (10%) were observed. It is interesting to note that fish fauna varies according to the location and depth of the lagoon. The community is well-informed about the local ecosystem, fish species, and resource management practices. Their clear understanding of sustainable development shows strict compliance with the management strategies for fisheries and other natural resources.Öğe Hydrobiological Studies in Kalmat Khor, a Coastal Lagoon on Balochistan Coast (Northern Arabian Sea)(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Baloch, Azizullah; Ahmed, Quratulan; Bat, LeventUnderstanding the health of marine ecosystems through hydrobiological studies is vital for effective management and conservation of marine biodiversity and fisheries resources, as it provides valuable insights into the status of water bodies and informs decision-making. Data gathered at Kalmat Khor, Makran coast, Balochistan on the seasonal change in physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton are of considerable value. The air and water temperature varied between 23 and 35 degrees C and 20 to 32 degrees C, salinity 37-40 parts per thousand pH, 7.9-8.6 dissolve oxygen (mg/L) and (7.0-8.0 mg/L). A total of 26 zooplankton groups were collected using a 500 mu m mesh size net, while 30 groups were recorded from a 250 mu m mesh size net. Samples obtained with the 500 mu m net showed the highest abundance of zoea during the inter-monsoon periods (April and October) and the monsoon season (July and September). In contrast, copepods were most abundant in samples collected with the 250 mu m mesh size net, with peak abundances observed during the pre-monsoon (January and March), monsoon (July and September), inter-monsoon (October), and post-monsoon (December) periods. The collected data can be used as bio-indicators to detect environmental concerns such water quality, acidification of bodies of water, and turbidity, among others. There is no work available on the hydrobiological characteristics of Kalmat Khor, this is pioneer base line study. The study will be helpful in achieving the objectives of conserving and protecting the coastal resources of Makran coast, Balochistan. It is expected that the data will be useful to understand the impact of seasonal changes on the coastal ecosystem and coastal fisheries of the area. The collected data reveals that Kalmat Khor is a unique and remarkable area on the coastline of Pakistan. The area shows rich aquatic biodiversity and an excellent water body providing spawning, feeding and shelter grounds for economically important finfish and shellfish. This study will help to understand the current scenario of this untouched coastal ecosystem, considering the need for coastal zone management and evaluating coastal water quality conditions and biological fertility of Kalmat Khor. The study will be helpful in achieving the object forces of conserving and protecting the coastal resources of Makran coast, Balochistan.Öğe Metals levels in Sarda orientalis collected from the commercial landings of Karachi Fish Harbor, Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea) and assessment of likely health risks to the consumers(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Ahmed, Quratulan; Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Ghory, Farhana Shafiq; Yousuf, FarzanaAnthropogenic activities are the major source of chemical pollutants including heavy metals in the coastal ecosystem which may accumulate in the aquatic organisms through the food web. Metal contamination in the marine fish pose serious threat to human health. This study deals with the human health risks of metal accumulation from Sarda orientalis consumption. The quantities of heavy metals were investigated in muscle, gills, and liver of striped bonito from the commercial landings of Karachi Fish Harbor, Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea). Risk for human health was evaluated by iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium, estimated daily intake, hazard index, and risk index. The hazard index value is <1, indicating that the estimated exposure is below reference dose for the relevant metals for monsoon, winter, and pre-monsoon. The mean hazard index for iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and cadmium was 1.20 x 10(-2) for consumers. The mean risk index of lead for S. orientalis was 7.39 x 10(-9). As a result, the metals did not exceed the World Health Organization's and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's toxicological reference.Öğe Microplastic contamination of Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868, Holothuria pardalis Selenka, 1867, sediments and seawater from Karachi Coast, Northern Arabian Sea, Pakistan(Adem Yavuz SONMEZ, 2025) Ahmed, Quratulan; Öztekin, Ayşah; Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Bat, LeventMicroplastics (MPs) are posing an increasing threat to the marine environment, affecting marine ecosystems and posing potential risks to human health through the food chain. This study aims to investigate the MP contamination of Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868, Holothuria pardalis Selenka, 1867, sediments and seawater from Buleji coasts of Karachi, Pakistan. The MP contamination was determined in the different body parts of sea cucumber species and both seawater and sediment samples were contaminated with microplastics. The results show that H. arenicola contains more microplastics than H. pardalis. In terms of shape and colour, fibres were the most common form of MPs (>99%), with black being the predominant colour. The highest to the lowest amount of MPs was determined as gut (52±26 pieces/individual in H. arenicola and 31±14 pieces/individual in H. paradis), coelomic fluid (18±10 pieces/individual in H. arenicola and 26±15 pieces/individual in H. paradis), respiratory tree (22±11 pieces/individual in H. arenicola and 14±9 pieces/individual in H. paradis and tentacles (13±8 pieces/individual in H. arenicola and 10±5 pieces/individual in H. paradis), respectively. Determination of MP pollution in these sea cucumbers and their surrounding environment is very important in terms of the importance of these organisms in the marine ecosystems. The biological impacts of MPs on sea cucumbers and other marine organisms can eventually affect humans through the food chain. Therefore, the paper advocates for the development of policies to monitor and reduce MP pollution in marine ecosystems. © 2025, Adem Yavuz SONMEZ. All rights reserved.Öğe Morphological Description of Megalopal Stages of Three Portunid Species (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) from Indus Deltaic Area (northern-Arabian Sea)(Natural and Engineering Science, 2023) Inam, Urwah; Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Ahmed, Quratulan; Bat, LeventThe larvae of crustaceans, including those of brachyuran crabs, are a significant part of zooplanktonic communities constituting an ecologically important fraction of the pelagic communities. The present study describes taxonomic studies on three megalop stages of Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), Charybdis feriatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) belonging to family Portunidae collected from Indus deltaic creek system. Zooplankton samples were collected from three locations: Shahbandar 24°15’48.083’N, 67°90’15’333’E, Ketibandar 24°9’16.06’N, 67°27’7.64’E and Korangi creek 24°48’18.80’’N, 67°12’30.31’E during April to October 2018. No data available on taxonomic studies of portunid megalops upto species level from Paksitan, hence this is a first attempt to examine and to describe taxonomic features of megalops collected in the zooplankton samples. This study will contribute to the scientific knowledge on megalops taxonomy and identification as well as be useful for future research by taxonomists and biologists. © 2023, Natural and Engineering Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Preliminary Study on Abundance of Microplastic in Sediments and Water Samples Along the Coast of Pakistan (Sindh and Balochistan)-Northern Arabian Sea(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2022) Ahmed, Quratulan; Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Bat, Levent; Oztekin, Aysah; Memon, Sehrish; Baloch, AzizullahPlastic material dominates our life and accordingly, it dominates the environment as a pollutant. Pakistan coasts are facing with plastic pollution problem like the rest of the world. The number and types of microplastics found in sea water and sediment samples from 25 locations along the Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan were explored in this study. The results of the present study show that the region is under a high pollution from microplastics. Microplastic abundance in seawater was found as mean 582.12 +/- 246.14 particle. L-1 and in sediment samples was mean 987.40 +/- 617.06 particle.kg-1 dry sediment. Microplastic concentration was maximum in Manora both seawater and sediment samples. Fibers were major contribution to total microplastics, up to 99% of all samples both seawater and sediment samples.Öğe Seasonal Abundance of Fish Larvae in Shahbandar Creek, Indus Deltaic Area, Sindh(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Ahmed, Quratulan; Elahi, Naeema; Mavruk, Sinan; Bat, LeventThe availability of near-shore vegetated environments, such as seagrass meadows and mangroves, plays a crucial role in maintaining the sustainability of fish stocks. The present study investigates the seasonal changes of abundance of fish larvae in Shahbandar Creek, Indus Delta region, Sindh from April 2018 to January 2019. Physico-chemical characteristics of sea water were measured, including air and water temperature (degrees C); salinity (ppt), dissolved oxygen (mg/L); pH and transparency (cm). The highest seasonal larval abundance values were observed in inter-monsoon period (October) through 500 mu m (39 ind./100m3) and 250 mu m (62 ind./100m3) mesh size. The most abundant families were Clupeidae (24%), Carangidae (13%), Gobiidae (19%), Sciaenidae (12%), Engraulidae (15%) and Syngnathidae (17%) during the study period.Öğe Seasonal effects on length-weight relationship and condition factor of Holothuria pardalis (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) collected from Karachi coast-Northern Arabian sea(Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 2019) Ahmed, Quratulan; Bilgin, Sabri; Ali, Qadeer MohammadThis study was conducted to determine the effects of seasonal variation on condition factor (CF) and weight length relationships (WLRs) in Holothuria pardalis collected during January to December 2016. Total (n = 452) sample of H. pardalis were collected during pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon season from two rocky shores of Buleji and Sunehri coast of Karachi. The highest mean length 17.1 +/- 0.70 cm and weight 20.3 +/- 0.63 g were recorded in post-monsoon season and minimum length 10.7 +/- 0.59 cm and weight 14.0 +/- 0.72 g were recorded in pre-monsoon season. The results showed that H. pardalis has negative allometric (b < 3) growth characteristics in all seasons (P < 0.05) as it appears to be the general case in other holothurian species. One-way ANOVA test showed that the CF values were statistically difference among three seasons. The mean CF values in Buleji area were estimated statistically higher than in Sunehri in pre-monsoon and monsoon (P < 0.05). But, it was estimated lower in Buleji area than Sunehri area in post-monsoon (P < 0.05).Öğe Two New Records of Eunicidae (Annelida, Errantia) Along the Makran Coast of Pakistan, Northern Arabian Sea(Natural and Engineering Science, 2023) Ali, Qadeer Mohammad; Ahmed, Quratulan; Mubarak, Shumaila; Baloch, Ateeqa; Bat, Levent; Qazi, Hafsa; Shaikh, IqraThe Makran coast of Pakistan in the Northern Arabian Sea is a region of high biodiversity yet remains relatively under-studied in terms of polychaete fauna. In this study, we presented detailed morphological and taxonomical analyses of two newly discovered species of Eunicidae polychaetes, Eunice indica and Lysidice ninetta, collected during low tide from the intertidal zone of two stations along the Makran coast: Shamal Bandar, Pasni dated 31st January 2022 and Taak Beach, Ormara, dated 31st January 2022. Before our study, only 12 species of Eunicidae were known to occur in Pakistan. The identification and description of E. indica and L. ninetta provide important information about the distribution and taxonomy of Eunicid polychaetes on the Makran coast. These findings emphasize the need for further investigations and highlight the potential for discovering additional species within the region. © 2023, Natural and Engineering Science. All rights reserved.
