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    Does nitric oxide intake affect post-exercise recovery in athletes? A study on cocoa, caffeine and nitric oxide supplement
    (Mattioli 1885, 2020) Mor, Ahmet; Yilmaz, Ali Kerim; Acar, Kursat; Birinci, Mursit Ceyhun; Ipekoglu, Gokhan
    Background: The beneficial effect of popular supplements and use of nitric oxide (NO) precursor nutrients in athletes which aim at increase of sports performance. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nitric oxide precursor nutrients and some nutrients with the ability to increase NO levels in the body on increased NO production in metabolism and on the recovery after acute exercise. Materials and Methods: 8 volunteers, male athletes, in shape and trained participated into this study. Athletes were subject to research protocol every other day, a total of three times. Heart rate and lactate levels were determined at resting and recovery. Results: Statistically significant difference was detected between control and cocoa/caffeine (CC) groups in the 1 minute lactate levels. Lactate levels significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the control group in the 1 minute lactate levels (p<0.05). Statistical significance difference was found between the nitric oxide supplement (NOX) and CC groups in the 1 and 10 minutes heart rate levels. Heart rate levels significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the NOX group (p<0.05). Heart rate levels were significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the control and NOX groups in the 15 minute measurement (p<0.05). Conclusions: Nitric oxide consumed as a supplement in line with nutrition and recovery strategies in athletes improved the recovery by accelerating lactate excretion from the body after the exercise. All of these metabolic responses in the present study suggest that NO will have a positive effect on exercise performance and recovery.
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    Functional dimorphism and relationship between different lower extremity strength tests in young elite judokas
    (Univ Leon, Fac Ciencias Actividad Fisica & Deporte, 2021) Acar, Kursat; Yilmaz, Ali Kerim
    The present study investigated the limb symmetry index (LSI) and the relationship between different functional strength tests in young elite judokas. Seventeen males (age=16.88 +/- 1.40 years, height=179.00 +/- 7.00 cm, weight= 78.76 +/- 15.22 kg and BMI 24.40 +/- 3.36 kg/m(2)) participated in the study voluntarily. Participants were tested with single leg (SL), and triple leg (THD) hop for distance, crossover hop for distance (CHD), 6 m Timed Hop Test (6mTHT), and single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ) tests, and countermovement jump (CMJ). All SL hop tests (SLHT) were applied to both right (R-s) and left sides (L-s), while CMJ was applied as without (CMJ(WAS)) and with arm swing (CMJAS). Paired sample t-test and Pearson correlation tests were used in statistical analyses. In all SLHTs, no statistical significance was found between R-s and L-s. However, significance was found between CMJ(WAS) and CMJ(AS). There was also no significance in LSIs between all SLHTs. Correlations were found between SL, THD, CHD, VJ tests, while negative and significant correlations were found between SL, THD, CHD, VJ tests, and 6 m THT. No significance was found between SLHTs and CMJ(WAS) and CMJ(AS). As a result, it was found that Rs and Ls of young judokas produced similar strength in SLHTs, while they caused differences in CMJ(WAS) and CMJ(AS) values; when evaluated in terms of LSI, judokas showed similar rates in all SLHTs, and these rates were within reliable ranges; SLHTs had correlations with each other, but they did not show any correlation with CMJ.
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    Moderate-dose caffeine enhances anaerobic performance without altering hydration status
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Mor, Ahmet; Acar, Kursat; Alexe, Dan Iulian; Mor, Hakki; Abdioglu, Mekki; Man, Maria Cristina; Karakas, Fatih
    The effects of direct nutritional supplements on athletic performance are still being investigated and arouse curiosity. Only one study in the literature was found that investigated the kicking speed performance of futsal players following low-dose caffeine supplementation (3 mg/kg); thus, the question of whether caffeine supplementation improves kicking speed as well as essential physical parameters in soccer players is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine supplementation on vertical jump (VJ), sprint, reaction time, balance, change of direction (COD), and ball-kicking speed in soccer players. In a double-blind, cross-over design, nine moderately trained male soccer players (21.11 +/- 2.02 years, 171.22 +/- 6.14 cm, 71.78 +/- 10.02 kg) consumed caffeine (6 mg/kg) or a placebo 60 min before completing balance, reaction time, vertical jump, agility, 30 m sprint, and ball-kicking speed tests. Greater VJ height (p = 0.01) and power (p = 0.08), and faster completion time according to the Illinois Agility Test (p = 0.08) were found following caffeine supplementation compared to placebo. Elapsed time (p = 0.01), average (p = 0.01) time, and the slowest reaction times (p = 0.016) were significantly reduced after caffeine consumption compared to placebo supplementation. Caffeine intake significantly improved VJ, agility, and reaction time (p < 0.05) but did not affect 30 m sprint, ball-kicking speed, balance, and RPE values in soccer players (p > 0.05). Although non-significant, caffeine intake also improved sprint (0.67%) and ball kicking (2.7%) performance percentages. Also, caffeine consumption did not induce dehydration, and the athletes' body hydration levels were normal. These findings support the use of caffeine supplementation as an effective nutritional ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic performance, at least for vertical jumps, COD speed, and reaction time, in trained male soccer players.
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    Prosocial and antisocial behaviors in Turkish female and male football players
    (Imr Press, 2022) Acar, Kursat; Mor, Hakki; KarakaS, Fatih; Yilmaz, Ali Kerim; Arslanoglu, Cansel; Mor, Ahmet
    Background and objective: Women have increasingly taken more part in a rather male-dominated sport in recent years: football, so our study's main focus is exploring the acts and behaviors of the female athletes during a football match. The study analyzes the sex-related differences in prosocial and antisocial behaviors between male and female athletes. Materials and methods: A total of 837 players, recruited from various leagues in Turkey, participated in the study. Participants were active female (n = 432) and male (n = 405) football players. The informed consent form and Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale (PABSS) were utilized as data collection tools. Results: Female football players displayed less prosocial and more antisocial behaviors compared to male football players. Among all the league statuses, both female and male players exhibited the highest prosocial and the lowest antisocial behaviors in the top league status. Additionally, there were statistically significant differences concerning the age variable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study findings indicate that male football players engaged in more prosocial behaviors toward both their teammates and opponents than female football players; moreover, male players engaged in less antisocial behaviors in general. Players reported higher prosocial and lower antisocial behavior scores as league status increased. Lastly, higher prosocial behavior scores were obtained with increasing age.
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    The acute effects of combined supplementation of beta-alanine, carbohydrate and whey protein on biochemical parameters of athletes after exhaustive exercise
    (Mattioli 1885, 2018) Mor, Ahmet; Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Arslanoglu, Erkal; Arslanoglu, Cansel; Acar, Kursat
    Background: The beneficial effect of popular supplements and use of combined supplementation in athletes which purpose to increase sports performance. Objective: This study aimed to review biochemical responses that the athletes gave to combined supplementation received after exercise and some changes in hematological values. Material and Method: 16 volunteers, in shape, male athletes with ages between 18-25 participated into the study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (supplement) (n=8) and control (placebo) (n=8). After the exercise made until exhaustion (shuttle run test), beta-alanine/vitargo(carbohydrate-electrolyte)/whey protein supplement was given to the experimental group while the control group received placebo (water). Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 hours after ingestion supplement (PS); Urea, Creatinine, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values have been analyzed. Results: Statistically significant differences in many biochemical parameters were found when comparisons of in-group basal, PE and PS time courses of supplement and control groups were reviewed (p<0.05). When inter-group comparison of triglyceride and cholesterol levels were reviewed, a significant difference was seen in basal levels (p<0.05) no difference was detected in values other than that (p>0.05). Conclusions: It is possible to say that acute combined supplementation used after exercise does not create a negative effect on biochemical parameters of athletes, on the contrary when the research result data were compared with control group, by looking at the basal, exercise and after supplementation values such as creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL, the combined supplement intake showed positive results in terms of health.
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    The Effect of Isolation on Social Physique Anxiety and Fat Phobia in Athletes During the Covid-19 Pandemic
    (Lahore Medical Research Center Llp, 2021) Acar, Kursat; Yilmaz, Ali Kerim
    Background: COVID-19 and social isolation have caused quite important changes in the lives of athletes. The uncertainties introduced by this period could lead to various anxieties and phobias in athletes as well as certain mental concerns Aim: This study examined whether social physique anxiety and fat phobia in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic and isolation period. Methods: The study included 1031 sub-elite athletes (446 females, 585 males) in individual and team sports aged between 18-27. The social physique anxiety scale (SPAS) and fat phobia scale (FPS) were used as data collection tools Results: Significant difference were found in SPAS levels between team and individual sports, the lowest SPAS levels were in the male individual sports athletes (p<0.05). There were differences in both male and female athletes according to regular training status (p<0.05). In athletes' status of being diagnosed COVID-19, significant difference was found in negative physique evaluation concerns (NPEC) subscale of SPAS between female and male groups without a positive diagnosis (p<0.05). Correlations were found between SPAS and FPS levels in all athletes (p<0.05). Conclusion: SPAS levels were the lowest particularly in male athletes involved in individual sports. SPAS levels of athletes who did and did not regularly train during the isolation were found to be the lowest in male athletes who regularly trained. It was established that the positive diagnosis of COVID-19 did not affect SPAS levels much in athletes; however, female athletes with a positive diagnosis showed high SPAS levels. None of the independent variables in this study was found to create any difference in FPS scores, but the correlation analysis revealed significantly increased FPS levels with increasing SPAS levels. In general, SPAS and FP levels of all athletes were moderate.
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    The effects of BCAA and creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity and ball kicking speed in male football players
    (Mre Press, 2022) Mor, Ahmet; Acar, Kursat; Yilmaz, Ali Kerim; Arslanoglu, Erkal
    Background and objective: The use of nutritional supplements has increased in recent years. This study analyzes the effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) and creatine (CR) supplementation on anaerobic capacity and ball kicking speed in football players. Material and methods: 24 volunteer-active male amateur football players between 18-26 were recruited for this study. Football players were randomly divided into three groups as BCAA (n = 8), CR (n = 8), and placebo (PLA) (n = 8). Experimental groups were given 5 g BCAA and 2 g creatine before and after exercise, whereas the placebo group ingested bran, performance tests and measurements were performed, and results were assessed. Results: BCAA group average power (pre: 530.70 +/- 53.73 W vs. post: 567.65 +/- 66.68 W; p = 0.028), CR group minimum power (pre: 413.75 +/- 51.13 W vs. post: 462.82 +/- 71.93 W; p = 0.043) increased, while there were decreases in peak power (pre: 659.34 +/- 121.03 W vs. post: 613.20 +/- 124.24 W; p = 0.043) and fatigue index (pre: 6.55 +/- 2.12 W/s vs. post: 4.34 +/- 2.37 W/s; p = 0.043) parameters of PLA group (p < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the BCAA group in rest, pre-and post-supplementation; CR group in pre-and post-supplementation; PLA group in rest, pre-and post-supplementation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: BCAA and creatine consumption do not affect recovery rates in football players regarding obtained data. But, regarding other findings of this study, BCAA and creatine supplementation improves anaerobic capacity, provides strength endurance against fatigue, and prevents the decrement of ball-kicking speed in exhaustion.
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    The Effects of Electrostimulation and Core Exercises on Recovery After High-Intensity Exercise
    (Int Journal Applied Exercise Physiology, 2017) Mor, Ahmet; Ipekoglu, Gokhan; Arslanoglu, Cansel; Acar, Kursat; Arslanoglu, Erkal
    Introduction and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrostimulation and core exercises on recovery after high-intensity exercise. Methods: The participants of this study consists of 12 male bodybuilders who regularly train and between the ages 18-30. Tabata high intensity interval training (HIIT) was applied with different recovery methods to the athletes on three different days and the recovery levels of athletes were analyzed. Heart rate and blood lactate levels were measured at baseline (PRE) at immediately after the HIIT (POST), at the 1 minutes after HIIT (1min), at the 5 minutes after HIIT (5min), and at the 10 minutes after HIIT (10min). On the rest days, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum creatine kinase (CK) measurements were done to determine the muscle damage. Results: The in-group comparisons for lactate levels showed no significant difference (p>0,01). The level of lactate on the 10min was found to be significantly lower than the 5min in the core exercise group (p<0,01). Similarly in the electrostimulation group, 10m lactate levels are significantly lower than 5min (p<0,01). There were no statistically significant differences in the heart rate measurements (p<0,01). The results showed no statistically significant difference between the groups although the averages of LDH and CK showed variations (p>0,01). These results show that the lactate level reaches to the maximum level after HIIT, and the level of lactate decreases between the 5th and the 10th minutes. Discussion and conclusion: These indicate that the active recovery methods are more effective than the passive. It was found that the active recovery methods accelerate the lactate removal from the metabolism and provide effective recovery in short time during the recovery period after exercise.